Fundamentals Test 2

Question 1

what is the retroperitoneum cavity

Answer 1

area between posterior parietal peritoneum and transversalis fascia

Question 2

where does the retroperitoneum extend from and to

Answer 2

extends from diaphragm to pelvic brim

Question 3

what are some retroperitoneal structures

Answer 3

pancreas, distal CBD, kidneys, ascending and descending colon, diaphragmatic crura, adrenal glands

Question 4

what are the 3 retroperitoneal compartments

Answer 4

anterior pararenal space, perirenal space, posterior pararenal space

Question 5

where is the anterior pararenal space

Answer 5

between posterior parietal peritoneum and gerota’s fascia

Question 6

what organs are in the ant. pararenal space

Answer 6

pancreas, GI structures, distal CBD

Question 7

what is the perirenal space

Answer 7

space separated from pararenal spaces

Question 8

what organs are in the perirenal space

Answer 8

kidneys, adrenal glands, urters, renal vessels, AO, IVC

Question 9

what two fascias border the pararenal space

Answer 9

Gerota’s fascia (ant) and Zuckerkandl’s fascia (post)

Question 10

what is the posterior pararenal space

Answer 10

between posterior renal fascia and posterior abdominal wall muscles

Question 11

what is in the posterior pararenal space

Answer 11

fat and nerves. no organs

Question 12

what does the retrofascial space include

Answer 12

iliopsoas and quadratus lumborum muscles

Question 13

is the retrofascial space part of the retroperitoneum

Answer 13

no

Question 14

name the spaces and fascia in order from anterior to posterior

Answer 14

post. parietal peritoneum, ant pararenal space, gerota’s fascia, perirenal space, zuckerkandl’s fascia, post. pararenal space, transversalis fascia

Question 15

what do the retroperitoneum compartments look like sonographically

Answer 15

ant and post. pararenal spaces may not be distinguishable. fascial planes may not be identified. fat is moderately echogenic, but obese pts have anechoic appearing perinephric fat

Question 16

how does the diaphragm course

Answer 16

anterior and posterior

Question 17

what does the diaphragm separate

Answer 17

thorax and abdominal cavities

Question 18

how does the diaphragm appear in a fetus

Answer 18

hypoechoic

Question 19

what are the diaphragmatic crura

Answer 19

fibers that connect the vertebral column and the diaphragm

Question 20

what are the diaphragmatic crura anterior, posterior, and superior to

Answer 20

ant to AO, post to IVC, sup to celiac axis

Question 21

how do the crura appear sonographically

Answer 21

thin, hypoechoic linear or triangular structures

Question 22

what is another name for the adrenal glands

Answer 22

suprarenal glands

Question 23

what type of glands are the adrenal glands

Answer 23

retroperitoneal

Question 24

what are the adrenal glands surrounded by

Answer 24

gerota’s fascia

Question 25

what retroperitoneal space are the adrenal glands in

Answer 25

perinephric space

Question 26

where are the adrenal glands located

Answer 26

anterior, medial, and superior to each kindey

Question 27

which adrenal gland is more medial

Answer 27

left adrenal

Question 28

which adrenal gland is more superior

Answer 28

right adrenal

Question 29

what are the adrenal glands lateral to

Answer 29

diaphragmatic crura

Question 30

what is the cortex of the adrenal gland

Answer 30

outer portion

Question 31

how much of the adrenal gland does the cortex comprise

Answer 31

0.9

Question 32

how many zones does the cortex of the adrenal gland have

Answer 32

three

Question 33

what are the zones of the cortex of the adrenal gland

Answer 33

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Question 34

what does the zona glomerulosa of the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete

Answer 34

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Question 35

what does the zona fasciculata of the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete

Answer 35

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 36

what does the zona reticularis of the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete

Answer 36

gonadocorticoids (androgens)

Question 37

what does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete

Answer 37

catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 38

how much of the adrenal gland does the medulla comprise

Answer 38

0.1

Question 39

what arteries supply the adrenal glands

Answer 39

superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries

Question 40

what veins drain the adrenal gland

Answer 40

right and left suprarenal vein

Question 41

what artery do the superior suprarenal arteries arise from

Answer 41

inferior phrenic artery

Question 42

what artery do the middle suprarenal arteries arise from

Answer 42

lateral aspect of proximal AO

Question 43

what artery do the inferior suprarenal arteries arise from

Answer 43

renal artery

Question 44

where does the right suprarenal vein drain to

Answer 44

IVC

Question 45

where does the left suprarenal vein drain to

Answer 45

left renal vein

Question 46

how do neonatal adrenal glands appear sonographically

Answer 46

solid, crescent shaped, hypoechoic cortex but hyperechoic medulla.

Question 47

what are neonatal adrenal glands surrounded by sonographically

Answer 47

echogenic fat

Question 48

what is the normal length of an adrenal gland

Answer 48

3-5 cm

Question 49

what is the normal width of an adrenal gland

Answer 49

2-3 cm

Question 50

what is the normal height of an adrenal gland

Answer 50

1 cm

Question 51

what is each adrenal gland made up of

Answer 51

two endocrine glands

Question 52

what does the entire cortex of the adrenal gland secrete

Answer 52

steroids (cortisol, androgens, aldosterone)

Question 53

what controls the release of steroids from the cortex of the adrenal gland

Answer 53

pituitary gland and ACTH

Question 54

what affect does a decrease in adrenal cortical function have on ACTH

Answer 54

Increases ACTH, which then stimulates adrenal cortex

Question 55

t/f: the medulla of the adrenal gland is essential for life

Answer 55

false

Question 56

what are the lab values for the adrenal glands

Answer 56

ACTH, aldosterone, cortisol

Question 57

what is ACTH produced by

Answer 57

anterior pituitary gland

Question 58

what does ACTH do

Answer 58

controls the release of hormones by the adrenal gland

Question 59

what effect a decrease of adrenal function have on ACTH

Answer 59

increases ACTH

Question 60

what diseases could an increase of ACTH indicate

Answer 60

addison disease, cushing disease, adrenal insufficiency, adrenal tumors, pituitary tumors

Question 61

what could a decrease of ACTH indicate

Answer 61

adrenal hyperfunction

Question 62

what is aldosterone secreted by

Answer 62

adrenal cortex

Question 63

what is cortisol secreted by

Answer 63

adrenal cortex

Question 64

what does aldosterone do

Answer 64

regulates BP

Question 65

how does aldosterone regulate BP

Answer 65

controlling the amount of sodium and water in the body

Question 66

how is aldosterone tested

Answer 66

in blood or urine

Question 67

what diseases could an increase of aldosterone indicate

Answer 67

adrenal adenoma, adrenal adenocarcinoma, bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, conn syndrome, renovascular HTN

Question 68

what diseases could a decrease of aldosterone indicate

Answer 68

addison disease

Question 69

what does cortisol do

Answer 69

aids in glucose metabolism, inflammatory response, and systemic BP regulation

Question 70

what disease could an increase of cortisol indicate

Answer 70

adrenal hyperplasia, cushing syndrome, pituitary tumor, hyperpituitarism

Question 71

what diseases could a decrease of cortisol indicate

Answer 71

Addison disease, adrenal insufficiency

Question 72

what are common indications for an adrenal gland ultrasound

Answer 72

decreased hematocrit, HTN, virilism, abdominal distention, sweating, tachycardia, weight loss, DM, mass