fundamentals quiz 2

Question 1

Types of Hypersensitive reactions

Answer 1

Type 1: Rapid hypersensitivity reactions
Type 2: Cytotoxic reactions 
Type 3: Immune complex reactions 
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Type 5: Stimulation Reaction

Question 2

Rapid hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 2

• Happens right away
• Also called atopic allergy, the most common type of hypersensitivity
• Reaction of IgE antibody on mast cells with antigen

Question 3

Cytotoxic reactions

Answer 3

• Blood transfusion reaction
• The body makes special autoantibodies directed against self cells that have some form of foreign protein attached to them.

Question 4

Immune complex reactions

Answer 4

Excess antigens cause immune complexes to form in the blood. These circulating complexes usually lodge in small blood vessels.

Question 5

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 5

• The reactive cell is the T-cell.
• Hours to days after exposure.
• Ex. TB test

Question 6

Stimulatory reaction

Answer 6

Excess stimulation of a normal cell surface receptor by an autoantibody, resulting in continuous “turned-on” state for the cell.

Question 7

Osteoarthritis

Answer 7

• autoimmune disease
• Most common type of arthritis
• Joint pain and loss of function characterized by progressive deterioration and loss of cartilage in the joints.

Question 8

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 8

• Autoimmune disease
• one of the most common connective tissue diseases and the most destructive to the joints.
• Chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory disease affecting primarily the synovial joints.
• Autoantibodies formed that attack healthy tissue, causing inflammation.

Question 9

Passive Immunity

Answer 9

Short duration, either naturally by placental transfer or artificially by injection of antibodies.

Question 10

Active Immunity

Answer 10

Lasts for years and occurs naturally by infection or artificially by stimulation (vaccine) of immune defenses.

Question 11

Pathogen

Answer 11

Any microorganism capable of producing disease.

Question 12

Basophils

Answer 12

Release histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage.

Question 13

Eosinophil

Answer 13

Weak phagocytic action; releases vasoactive amines during allergic reactions.

Question 14

Natural active immunity

Answer 14

when an antigen enters the body without human assistance and the body actively responds making antibodies. The human will not become infectious a second time. ex. chicken pox

Question 15

Artificial active immunity

Answer 15

Protection by vaccination or immunization. Antigens are placed into the human and the person actively produces antibodies against the antigen.

Question 16

Natural passive immunity

Answer 16

Occurs when antibodies are passed from mother to the fetus via placenta or breast milk.

Question 17

Artificial passive immunity

Answer 17

Injecting a person with antibodies that were produced in another person or animal. ex. poisonous snake bites

Question 18

Suppressor T-cells

Answer 18

Prevent hypersensitivity (immune overreactions) on exposure to non-self cells. Prevents formation of antibodies against normal, healthy self cells.

Question 19

Natural killer cells

Answer 19

Have a direct cytotoxic effect on some non-self cells. They conduct “seek and destroy” missions in the body to eliminate non-self cells.

Question 20

Inflammation “Natural Immunity”

Answer 20

Provides immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and foreign proteins. The ability for an inflammatory response is critical to health and well-being.

Question 21

B-lymphocyte

Answer 21

Becomes sensitized to foreign cells and proteins. A type of white blood cell that circulates in the blood and lymph and produces antibody.

Question 22

Platelets

Answer 22

Help the blood clot. Smaller than red or white blood cells.

Question 23

Erythrocyte (red blood cell)

Answer 23

A blood cell of vertebrates that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 24

Plasma cell

Answer 24

A type of immune cell (white blood cell) that makes large amounts of a specific antibody.

Question 25

Lymphocytes

Answer 25

A type of immune cell that is mad in the bone marrow and id found in the blood and lymph tissue.

Question 26

Carcinogenesis

Answer 26

The creation of cancer

Question 27

Metastasis

Answer 27

Movement or spreading of cancer cells from one organ or tissue to another.

Question 28

Cancer cells usually spread through the blood or the lymph system

Answer 28

!

Question 29

Papule

Answer 29

A solid, raised spot on the skin that is up to 0.5 cm wide. It is a type of skin lesion.

Question 30

Macule

Answer 30

A flat, distinct area of skin that is usually less than 1 cm wide. It usually does not include a change in skin texture or thickness.

Question 31

Vesicle

Answer 31

A small sac or cyst containing fluid or gas.

Question 32

Pustules

Answer 32

Small, inflamed, pus-filled, blister-like lesions on the skin surface.

Question 33

Petechia

Answer 33

pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding under the skin.

Question 34

Eschar tissue

Answer 34

A dry scab or slough formed on the skin as a result of a burn or by the action of a corrosive or caustic substance.

Question 35

Granulation tissue

Answer 35

A mass of new connective tissue and capillaries formed on the surface of a healing ulcer or wound.

Question 36

Virulence

Answer 36

Extremely infectious, malignant, or poisonous. Used of a disease or toxin.

Question 37

Antibody

Answer 37

A protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances called antigens.