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Sem 1 Year 2 > Fundamentals of the nervous system > Flashcards

Fundamentals of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What do the sensory and motor systems detect/ control?

A

Sensory= sensations of pain, temperature, touch and special senses such as vision and hearing

Motor= reflexes and voluntary movement as well as tone posture and coordinated movement

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2
Q

What are the two main pathways of the sensory systems?

A

The dorsal column pathway

The spinophalamic pathway

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3
Q

What information does the dorsal pathway carry, and where does it travel?

A

Carries proprioception (sense of movement, action and location)

Also carries vibration and fine touch

Travels dorsally to the spinal cord, then onto the thalamus and the primary somatosensory cortex

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4
Q

What information does the spinothalamic pathway carry and where does it travel?

A

Carries info about pain, non-discriminative touch and temperature

Is anterlaterol to the spinal cord then reaches thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex

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5
Q

What is the topographic organisation in the primary somatosensory cortex/ homunculus?

A

Diagram that represents where and what proportion of the somatosensory cortex a certain body part is

Medial of brain- lower limb

Lateral brain- hands and face

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6
Q

What collects data for a cell body and and what do cell bodies have lots of?

A

Dendrites gather information from other neurones then a single axon transfers this data.

They require huge amounts of energy thus have large amounts of mitochondria

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7
Q

What are the gaps in myelination of nerves called?

A

Nodes of ranvier

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8
Q

What is the process of carrying neurotransmitters from cell bodies towards the synapse called?

A

Anterograde axonal transport

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9
Q

What are the steps for a neurotransmitter to be released over the synaptic cleft?

A

When a AP reaches the axon terminal, this triggers voltage gated calcium channels which open and Na floods into the cell.

This triggers exocytosis- fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane of the synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter is released and diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Binds to receptors in post synaptic cells, and induces a electrical/chemical response

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10
Q

What are the pores through which electrical impulses can travel in tight junctions?

A

Connexons

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11
Q

What are the cells that provide myelination in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

Type of glial cell, provide support and protection to the neurons, maintains homeostasis, cleans up debris, and forms myelin

1:1 ratio to axon cells

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12
Q

What is myelin?

A

Layers and layers of lipid and protein wrapped around the axon

Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

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13
Q

What is the CNS myelinating cell?

A

Oligodendrocyte

Glial cell; provides support and protection to the neurons, maintains homeostasis, cleans up debris, and forms myelin

Associates with < 1 axon at a time

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14
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Equivalent of fibroblasts

Central to blood brain barrier integrity, protect nervous system from the blood

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15
Q

What are the microglia?

A

Resident macrophage of the CNS

Has a complex role in development, immune surveillance, disease response and tissue repair

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16
Q

What side of the cell is positive and what is negative at resting membrane potential?

A

Negative on the inside, positive on the outside

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17
Q

What is roughly the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 millivolts

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18
Q

What are the different sections of an action potential?

A

After stimulus depolarises mebrane, volatge gated Na channels open- DEPOLARISATION. Overshoots and becomes > 0

Then voltage gated Na channels close and K channels open- REPOLARISATION. K ions flood out of the cell

This overshoots and causes hyperpolarisation, REFRACTORY PERIOD, where no new AP can be induced until back to resting membrane potential

19
Q

What are the two ways in which an action potential can be triggered?

A

(1) Locialised ion channels change state due to ligands (ligand gated channels0 or voltage (voltage gated channels)
(2) propogation of charge from a adjacent region

20
Q

What information is carried in unmyelinated fibres?

A

Dull pain and temperature sensation- in C fibres

21
Q

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and what is an example?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters block or prevent the chemical message from being passed along any farther.

GABA- linked to Cl channels so hyperpolarises the cell making it difficult for an AP to fire. Alcohol and benzodiazepines are GABA like molecules

22
Q

What are examples of excitory neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine

23
Q

What receptors does acetylcholine act apon?

A

Nicotinic (fast acting) and muscarinic (slow acting)

24
Q

What occurs at a neuromusular junction?

A

ACh is released into the synaptic cleft and is rapidly degraded by acetylcholinesterase

AChR binding causes ion channels to open up at the end motor plate of the muscle fibre

Results in a Na influx and a K efflux which causes depolariation of muscle- an AP is formed

25
Q

What is the repeating unit of a muscle called and what is it comprised of?

A

SARCOMERE

Comprised of a z disk, thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments

26
Q

How is actin blocked from interacting with myosin in a muscle?

A

Tropomyosin, which in turn is controlled by troponin

27
Q

How does an action potential cause muscle fibres to contract?

A

AP extends down T-tubules, and once it reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, it triggers a release of Ca ion release

Ca binds to troponin which unblocks the action of tropomyosin, allowing actin and myosin to interact

Myosin heads alternatively attach and detach, pulling thr actin fibres towards the centre of the sarcomere

28
Q

How is muscle contraction stopped?

A

Ca is actively removed by uptake in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing tropomyosin to block actin again

29
Q

What are the 3 stages of the build of muscle contraction?

A
30
Q

What are the different types of muscle fibres?

A

Slow twitch

Fast fatiguable

Fast and fatigue resistant

People with slow twitch muscle fibres better at low intensity, longer activities

31
Q

What is the test done to measure muscle function?

A

Insert micro-electrodes into the muscle= ELECTROMYOGRAPHY

32
Q

What part of the embryo is the nervous system dervived from?

A

The ectoderm

33
Q

What is neuralisation?

A

The notochord sits in the middle of the embryo. Sends out chemical signals that stimulate the ectoderm to rise up at the edges and form a neural groove.

Then curls up to form the neural tube.

34
Q

What are some different neural tube defects?

A

Anencephaly- failure of fusion at the head. Not compatible with life

Spina bifida- failure of fusion at the bottom of the spinal cord

35
Q

What is a risk factor for neural tube fusion failure?

A

Foliate deficiency

36
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles in development?

A

Forebrain- prosencephalon

Midbrain- mesencephalon

Hindbrain- rhombencephalon

37
Q

What happens to the 3 primary brain vesicles in week 5 of development?

A
38
Q

What is neurogensis and gliogegenesis?

A

The making of new neurones and glial cells

39
Q

Where are neurones made in the brain?

A

Made deep in the brain- they then migrate towards the cortical surface of the brain where they will stay and form grey matter

40
Q

What does failure of neuronal migration lead to?

A

Pockets of grey matter stay deep within the brain

Known as heterotopia

Can lead to epilepsy

41
Q

When does neurogenesis and gliogenesis occur during development?

A

Weeks 4-12

42
Q

When does neuralation occur in development?

A

Weeks 3-4

43
Q

When does neural migration occur during development?

A

Weeks 12 until birth

Sem 1 Year 2 (18 decks)

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