Fundamentals of physiology - levels of organisation

Question 1

Order of the levels of organisation

Answer 1

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ systems level, organism level

Question 2

Describe Chemical level + example

Answer 2

atoms (smallest stable units of matter) combine to form molecules with complex shapes - its unique shape determines its function.
E.g. complex protein molecules form filaments that produce the contractions of muscle cells in the heart.

Question 3

Cellular level - describe + example

Answer 3

smallest living units in the body - complex molecules form larger structures = organelles - these have specific functions in the cell e.g. energy - producing organelle (mitochrondria) provide energy needed for heart muscle cell contractions.

Question 4

Tissue level - describe + example

Answer 4

(a group of cells which work together to perform one or more specific functions) - e.g. cardiac muscle cells interact with other tyoes of cells + materials outside the cell to form cardiac muscle tissue.

Question 5

Organ level - describe + example

Answer 5

made of 2 or more tissues working together to perform specific functions e.g. layers of cardiac tissue + connective tissue form the bulk of the heart walls (hollow 3 dimensional organ.)

Question 6

Organ system - describe

Answer 6

Is a group of organs interacting to perform a particular function.

Question 7

Name the 11 organ systems:

Answer 7

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male + female reproductive systems.

Question 8

Integumentary - major organs + function

Answer 8

• skin, hair, sweat glands, nails.

- protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temp, provides sensory information.

Question 9

Skeletal - major organs + function

Answer 9

• bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow

- supports + protects tissues, stores calcium + other minerals, forms blodd cells

Question 10

Muscular - major organs + functions

Answer 10

• skeletal muscles + associated tendons,

- movement, protection, support for other tissues, generates heat tat maintains body temp.

Question 11

Nervous - major organs + functions

Answer 11

• brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
• directs immediate responses to stimuli + coordinates/moderates activities of other organ systems, intepretes sensory info about external conditionS

Question 12

Endocrine - major organs + functions

Answer 12

• pituitary gland, thyriod gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads.
• adjusts metabolic activity + energy use by the body, controls structural + functional changes during development + directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems.

Question 13

Lymphatic - major organs + functions

Answer 13

• spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils.

- defends against infection + disease, returns tissue fluids to blood stream.

Question 14

Respiratory - major organs + functions

Answer 14

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.
- delivers air to alveoli, provides o2 to bloodstream, removes co2 from bloodstream, produces sound for communication.

Question 15

Digestive - major organs + functions

Answer 15

• teeth, tongue, pharynx, stomach, oesophagus, stomach, small + large intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas.
• process + digest food, absorbs + conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves.

Question 16

Urinary - major organs + functions

Answer 16

• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
• Excretes waste from blood, controls water balance, regulates blood ion concentrations + pH, stores urine before excreted.

Question 17

Male reproductive - major organs + functions

Answer 17

testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum.
-produces sperm (sex cells) seminal fluids + hormones, sexual hormaones

Question 18

Female reproductive - major organs + functions

Answer 18

• ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
• produces oocytes (sex cells) supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn, sexual intercourse.