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Comparative Animal Physiology > Fundamentals of Physiology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is physiology

A

function

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2
Q

integrative nature of physiology

A

across levels of bio organizations

across disciplines

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3
Q

different areas of specialization

integrative focus

A

disciplines

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4
Q

two questions of physiology

A

how?

  • mechanisms
  • classic phys

why?

  • evolution
  • evolutionary phys
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5
Q

describe ECF

A
  • “bufferzone”
  • provides favorable internal environment
  • made up of two fluids
    • ISF- fluid cells are in
    • blood- only in vessels
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6
Q

is homeostasis = stasis?

A

no, organisms do not maintain stasis, only when dead

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7
Q
  • animal allows internal condition to change with environment
  • ex: insects, fish, amphibians
A

temp conformity

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8
Q
  • maintain “internal consistency”

- ex: humans, mammals, birds

A

temp regulators

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9
Q

exception to temp regulators

A

circadian rhythm

-temp change when doing activity compared to when sleeping

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10
Q

advantages and disadvantages to temp conformity and reguators

A

temp conformity

  • adv: low cost energy (can eat less)
  • dis: more restriction distributor

temp regulators

  • adv: more diverse environment exploted
  • dis: high energy cost
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11
Q

long term adaptations

A

acclimation and acclimatization

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12
Q

chronic response to environment involving 1-2 variables

A

acclimation

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13
Q

chronic response to environment involving many variables

A

acclimatization

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14
Q

prefix for narrow range

A

steno-

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15
Q

prefix for wide range

A

eury-

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16
Q
  • acute changes
  • chronic changes (acclimation/acclimatization)
  • evolutionary changes
A

external environment phys responses

17
Q
  • developmental changes

- changes controlled by periodic biological clocks

A

internal environment phys responses

18
Q

scaling of physiology (function) with body size

A

allometry

19
Q

methods of study

A

comparative method
study of lab populations
studies of gene frequency change in generation
genetic mutants/ knock outs/ interference RNA
phylogenic reconstruction
cell structure adaptation

20
Q
  • independent gene pods (taxons), type of environment, and diverse strategies/responses
  • method used to study evolution by natural selection
A

comparative method

21
Q

evidence for evolution by natural selection

A

convergent evolution

22
Q
  • selective environment to phenotypic change

- ex: fruit flies, worms

A

study of lab populations

23
Q
  • field studies
  • mortality event
  • ex: energy reserves to get thru winter, which is stressful (survival is under natural selection)
A

studies of gene frequency change in generation

24
Q

-allows to modify expression of phenotype and test it

A

genetic mutants/ knock outs/ interference RNA

25
Q

-involves mapping physiological traits on a phylogenic tree

A

phylogenic reconstruction

26
Q
  • cell membrane structure (homeostasis: lipid and protein composition)
  • protein function in metabolic pathways (maintain metabolite flux)
  • thermogenic tissue (generate heat)
A

cell structure adaptation

27
Q

tools of physiology

A
  • classical physiology experiment

- omics

28
Q

whole organism in enviornment

A

animal function (classical physiology experiment)

29
Q

body organ function in enviornment

A

tissue fucntion (classical physiology experiment)

30
Q

study of genetics and gene expression

central dogma essentially studied

A

omics

31
Q

genetic architecture

size of genome, # of chromosomes, # of gene families

A

genomics

32
Q

study of gene expression

mRNA and transcription factors

A

transcriptomics

33
Q

study of small (organic) molecules

A

metaboliomics

34
Q

study of proteins and how they respond to physiological elements

A

proteomics

35
Q

identity of genes, gene function

A

annotation

36
Q

what is occurring in light and dark meat in turkeys

A

white meat- meant for quick flight

dark meat- contains myoglobin (tissues with high rates of aerobic- muscles)

37
Q
  • EST- expressed sequence tags (short DNA sequences)

- cDNA will compliment DNA on glass

A

micoarray

38
Q

transcriptomics change in gene expression

A

mRNA–reverse transcriptase–> cDNA

cDNA

  • –>microarray- fluorescence (how strong seq. is)
  • –> RNA seq.- (gives copy #; how many)

Comparative Animal Physiology (3 decks)

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