Fundamentals of Physiology Flashcards
what is physiology
function
integrative nature of physiology
across levels of bio organizations
across disciplines
different areas of specialization
integrative focus
disciplines
two questions of physiology
how?
- mechanisms
- classic phys
why?
- evolution
- evolutionary phys
describe ECF
- “bufferzone”
- provides favorable internal environment
- made up of two fluids
- ISF- fluid cells are in
- blood- only in vessels
is homeostasis = stasis?
no, organisms do not maintain stasis, only when dead
- animal allows internal condition to change with environment
- ex: insects, fish, amphibians
temp conformity
- maintain “internal consistency”
- ex: humans, mammals, birds
temp regulators
exception to temp regulators
circadian rhythm
-temp change when doing activity compared to when sleeping
advantages and disadvantages to temp conformity and reguators
temp conformity
- adv: low cost energy (can eat less)
- dis: more restriction distributor
temp regulators
- adv: more diverse environment exploted
- dis: high energy cost
long term adaptations
acclimation and acclimatization
chronic response to environment involving 1-2 variables
acclimation
chronic response to environment involving many variables
acclimatization
prefix for narrow range
steno-
prefix for wide range
eury-
- acute changes
- chronic changes (acclimation/acclimatization)
- evolutionary changes
external environment phys responses
- developmental changes
- changes controlled by periodic biological clocks
internal environment phys responses
scaling of physiology (function) with body size
allometry
methods of study
comparative method
study of lab populations
studies of gene frequency change in generation
genetic mutants/ knock outs/ interference RNA
phylogenic reconstruction
cell structure adaptation
- independent gene pods (taxons), type of environment, and diverse strategies/responses
- method used to study evolution by natural selection
comparative method
evidence for evolution by natural selection
convergent evolution
- selective environment to phenotypic change
- ex: fruit flies, worms
study of lab populations
- field studies
- mortality event
- ex: energy reserves to get thru winter, which is stressful (survival is under natural selection)
studies of gene frequency change in generation
-allows to modify expression of phenotype and test it
genetic mutants/ knock outs/ interference RNA
-involves mapping physiological traits on a phylogenic tree
phylogenic reconstruction
- cell membrane structure (homeostasis: lipid and protein composition)
- protein function in metabolic pathways (maintain metabolite flux)
- thermogenic tissue (generate heat)
cell structure adaptation
tools of physiology
- classical physiology experiment
- omics
whole organism in enviornment
animal function (classical physiology experiment)
body organ function in enviornment
tissue fucntion (classical physiology experiment)
study of genetics and gene expression
central dogma essentially studied
omics
genetic architecture
size of genome, # of chromosomes, # of gene families
genomics
study of gene expression
mRNA and transcription factors
transcriptomics
study of small (organic) molecules
metaboliomics
study of proteins and how they respond to physiological elements
proteomics
identity of genes, gene function
annotation
what is occurring in light and dark meat in turkeys
white meat- meant for quick flight
dark meat- contains myoglobin (tissues with high rates of aerobic- muscles)
- EST- expressed sequence tags (short DNA sequences)
- cDNA will compliment DNA on glass
micoarray
transcriptomics change in gene expression
mRNA–reverse transcriptase–> cDNA
cDNA
- –>microarray- fluorescence (how strong seq. is)
- –> RNA seq.- (gives copy #; how many)
