Fundamentals of Nutrition (Part 1) Flashcards
What are the CONDITIONAL amino acids?
Arginine, Carnitine, Citrulline, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glycine, Ornithine, Proline, Taurine, Tyrosine
What are the NON-ESSENTIAL amino acids
Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Homocysteine, Serine
What are the ESSENTIAL amino acids?
Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lycine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonoine, Tryptophan, Valine
What acts as a “gate” between the stomach and small intestine?
Pyloric Sphincter
How much chyme can the pyloric sphincter let through at a time
1-5ml twice per minute
Where does beneficial bacteria live in the body?
Large intestine
How does beneficial bacteria aid in the digestive process?
Aids in elimination, breaks down leftover toxic chemicals or bacteria, produces vitamins B and K, and short chain fatty acid butyrate
What processes occur in the stomach? (3 main points)
Protein digestion, secretes gastric juices, mechanically churns to mix and break food into smaller pieces
What three alkaline enzymes does the pancreas release into the duodenum, to digest macronutrients?
Amylase (to digest carbs), Lipase (fats), Protease (proteins)
What is a carbohydrate?
Anything in the plant world is considered a carbohydrate. Source of fuel/energy for our cells and body
What are disaccharides?
A two-sugar molecule carbohydrate (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
What monosaccharides does the disaccharide “sucrose” break down into?
glucose/fructose
What monosaccharides does the disaccharide “lactose” break down into?
glucose/galactose
What monosaccharides does the disaccharide “maltose” break down into?
glucose/glucose
How many secretory glands does the mouth contain?
3
What are the 2 categories of polysaccharides?
Starch, non-starch
What is the main role of the pancreas?
Insulin production and secretion
Secretory glands which release secretions into a duct is called…
exocrine
Secretory glands which release secretions into the bloodstream is called…
endocrine
What is the role of digestive enzymes?
Unlock complex macronutrient molecules
What is metabolism?
the chemical transformation within cells of all living organisms
What additional element is found in protein, that is not found in carbs or fats?
Nitrogen
What is the alimentary canal?
Long tube that runs from the mouth to the anus
What are the accessory organs?
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What is insulin resistance?
With high sugar diets, cells become resistant to the high dose of insulin put out by the pancreas
What is fiber?
Exclusively a plant nutrient. No universally accepted definition. Creates bulk in stool
What is digestion?
The process of breaking down food by mechanical and chemical action into useable substances
What is absorption, and which part of the digestive system does this occur?
Where nutrients pass from the intestines into the blood or lymph. The Jejunum.
What is bile’s three functions in the digestion process?
Alkalinizes chyme (from an acid state), emulsifies fats, lubricates intestines
What is the liver’s main role?
Filters out toxins and nutrients after absorption and before transport to cells for use
Anabolism
Building up
Catabolism
Breaking down
How are enzymes typically names?
After the substances they break down using “ase” (ie:L Lactose, lactase)
What are the 2 functions of the gallbladder?
concentrate and store bile, release bile into the duodenum to aid in digestion
What is the function of the esophagus?
To propel food using a cylindrical muscle action (called peristalsis)
What are the 5 monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose, fucose
