Fundamentals of Normal Human Gait Flashcards
2 requirements for successful walking
- locomotor rhythm in intended direction
2. equilibrium
T/F Each limb is controlled by separate central pattern generator
true
Each CPG contains two groups of excitatory interneurons
Flexors and extensors motoneurons
excitatory interneurons do what
project to and control flexor and extensor motoneurons
Excitatory interneurons also known as
half centers
What reduces excitation in active half centre
undefined fatigue process
what is rhythm generator
gait speed (step cycle / phase duration
what is pattern formation
level of motor neurone activity
T/F CPG model progression includes descending control and sensory control
True
Different CPG model progression and original theory
progression model included rhythm generator and pattern formation
3 main functions brainstem
initiate locomotion
postural control
control of mm tone
What can be stimulated to initiate gait
MLR (mesencephalic locomotor region)
Neurons from MLR activate what
medial reticular formation
Medial reticular formation activates
spinal locomotor system
what happens if you increase intensity of stimulation of MLR
more force, more speed, mode progression (walking to a jog)
role of reticular formation
level of consciousness
perception pain
regulate cardio / resp system
*influence movement, posture, mm tone
Is vestibulospinal tract direct or indirect connection
direct
function spinocerebellar pathways
direct afferent feedback from sensory receptors related to locomotion to cerebellum
locomotion sent to brainstem from? relayed to?
from the cerebellum
relayed to the spinal cord via vestibulospinal, rubrospinal and reiculospinal pathway
Role cerebellum
accurate coordinated movement
damage to cerebellum results in
ataxia
types of uncoordinated movement
tremor, dysmetria, poor balance
what is dysmetria
under or over shooting (i.e finger to nose and they can’t get it right)
Basal ganglia brainstem spinal cord pathways contribute to?
automatmic control of movement
locomotion / postural tone
Disease from damaged basal ganglia
Parkinson
Role of motor cortex
create adaptable gait
take information from visual cortex
Corticobasal ganglia loop involved in?
locomotor movemnt
volitional control
cognition
3 senses related to locomotion
vision, proprioception, vestibular
role of senses in locomotion
adapt, control, timing, reinforce mm, inter limb coordination
Result of stumbling corrective response
inc flexion hip, knee, ankle for toe clearance
2 inputs for transition from stance to swing
hip extension, limb unloading
absence of ground support reduce or increase EMG activity
reduce
how PT take advantage of CPG in humans
re train gait on treadmill
water treadmills
lokomat (robot assisted gait)
cerebral cortex required for
adaptable locomotion