Fundamentals of Normal Human Gait

Question 1

2 requirements for successful walking

Answer 1

1. locomotor rhythm in intended direction

2. equilibrium

Question 2

T/F Each limb is controlled by separate central pattern generator

Answer 2

true

Question 3

Each CPG contains two groups of excitatory interneurons

Answer 3

Flexors and extensors motoneurons

Question 4

excitatory interneurons do what

Answer 4

project to and control flexor and extensor motoneurons

Question 5

Excitatory interneurons also known as

Answer 5

half centers

Question 6

What reduces excitation in active half centre

Answer 6

undefined fatigue process

Question 7

what is rhythm generator

Answer 7

gait speed (step cycle / phase duration

Question 8

what is pattern formation

Answer 8

level of motor neurone activity

Question 9

T/F CPG model progression includes descending control and sensory control

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Different CPG model progression and original theory

Answer 10

progression model included rhythm generator and pattern formation

Question 11

3 main functions brainstem

Answer 11

initiate locomotion
postural control
control of mm tone

Question 12

What can be stimulated to initiate gait

Answer 12

MLR (mesencephalic locomotor region)

Question 13

Neurons from MLR activate what

Answer 13

medial reticular formation

Question 14

Medial reticular formation activates

Answer 14

spinal locomotor system

Question 15

what happens if you increase intensity of stimulation of MLR

Answer 15

more force, more speed, mode progression (walking to a jog)

Question 16

role of reticular formation

Answer 16

level of consciousness
perception pain
regulate cardio / resp system

*influence movement, posture, mm tone

Question 17

Is vestibulospinal tract direct or indirect connection

Answer 17

direct

Question 18

function spinocerebellar pathways

Answer 18

direct afferent feedback from sensory receptors related to locomotion to cerebellum

Question 19

locomotion sent to brainstem from? relayed to?

Answer 19

from the cerebellum

relayed to the spinal cord via vestibulospinal, rubrospinal and reiculospinal pathway

Question 20

Role cerebellum

Answer 20

accurate coordinated movement

Question 21

damage to cerebellum results in

Answer 21

ataxia

Question 22

types of uncoordinated movement

Answer 22

tremor, dysmetria, poor balance

Question 23

what is dysmetria

Answer 23

under or over shooting (i.e finger to nose and they can’t get it right)

Question 24

Basal ganglia brainstem spinal cord pathways contribute to?

Answer 24

automatmic control of movement

locomotion / postural tone

Question 25

Disease from damaged basal ganglia

Answer 25

Parkinson

Question 26

Role of motor cortex

Answer 26

create adaptable gait

take information from visual cortex

Question 27

Corticobasal ganglia loop involved in?

Answer 27

locomotor movemnt
volitional control
cognition

Question 28

3 senses related to locomotion

Answer 28

vision, proprioception, vestibular

Question 29

role of senses in locomotion

Answer 29

adapt, control, timing, reinforce mm, inter limb coordination

Question 30

Result of stumbling corrective response

Answer 30

inc flexion hip, knee, ankle for toe clearance

Question 31

2 inputs for transition from stance to swing

Answer 31

hip extension, limb unloading

Question 32

absence of ground support reduce or increase EMG activity

Answer 32

reduce

Question 33

how PT take advantage of CPG in humans

Answer 33

re train gait on treadmill
water treadmills
lokomat (robot assisted gait)

Question 34

cerebral cortex required for

Answer 34

adaptable locomotion