Fundamentals Of Microbiology And Parasitology Flashcards
20-400nm can be seen in electron microscope
Viruses
- Intracellular parasite with no cellular structure
- Infects all kinds of organism
- Nuclei acids and protein
Virus
Virus can replicate by itself
False (grows inside the host cell and can’t replicate by itself)
Expensive time consuming hard to cultivate
Virus
What do we use to culture viruses
Fertile chicken eggs
Cultured mammalian cells
Large viruses can be used as ___ of genes/ medications to cells/receptors
Used a s drug delivery system
Vectors
3 Non cellular organisms
Viruses
Viroids
Prions
Other name for viroids
Virusoids
Simpler structure compared to virus
Virusoids
Infectious particles comprising of small, single stranded, covalently closed circular RNA
No protein
Viroids / Virusoids
Simplest infectious agent in terms of structure
No nucleic acid
Prions
Atypical form of mammalian protein that interacts with normal protein molecule to change into itself
Prion
Responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Prions
Responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Prions
Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease CJD
Humans
Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease CJD
Humans
Spherical bacteria
Cocci
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Cattles
Rod shaped bacteria
Bacillus
Scrapie
Sheep
Unicellular
Bacteria
Bacteria size
0.5-5.0 mm
Bacteria that get nutrients from the dead
Responsible for decomposition
Saprophytes
Dependent on host cell
Parasite
Not all parasites are pathogenic T/F
True
Rapid reproduction - mutant gene becomes dominant
Asexual reproduction
Genetic variation of this creature is reliant on mutations
Bacteria
Oxygen is toxic to these bacteria
Strict anaerobes
Oxygen is necessary for these bacteria to survive
Strict aerobes
This type of bacteria can switch how they survive (with or without oxygen)
Facultative anaerobes
Too much oxygen will cause these bacteria to die
Microaerophils
Non photosynthesizing plants
Fungi
Structure is more complex than that of a bacteria
Fungi
Fungi are mostly ____
Saprophytes
Most fungis have pathogenic potential (T/F)
False (only a few)
Some fungi may exhibit ____-like and ____-like appearance depending on cultivation conditions
Yeast like (floating) and mould like (flat)
Unicellular organisms larger than bacteria
Fungi
Size of fungi
5-10 um (micrometer)
More on binary fission and budding that sexual reproduction
Fungi
Fungi that are visible to the naked eye
Toadstools and mushrooms
Consists of tangled mass _____ of filaments or threads ____ which vary from 1-50 um micrometer
Mycelium, Hyphae
How wide are hyphae or threads
1-50um
Most reproduce asexually (forms asexual spores)
Fungi
- Resistant to drying
- Contaminants of pharmaceutical raw materials of vegetable origin
- spoilage
- cause severe illness to immunocompromised patients
Spores
Unicellular organisms larger than bacteria
Fungi
Predominantly unicellular organisms that are regarded as animals rather than plants
Protozoa
Why are protozoa considered animals
Because of their motile nature
Size of protozoa
10-50um (micrometer)
These are free living motile organisms that occur in water and soil
Protozoa
- Some are plant and animal parasites
- Not found as contaminants of raw materials and manufactured medicines
Protozoa
The great majority of these microorganisms are harmless
Protozoa
Only a few of these protozoa are responsible for these specific diseases. What are they?
Malaria
Amoebic dysentery
Fungi are eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Bacteria are eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Protozoa are eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Microbial metabolism for chemoheterotroph
Source of energy?
Source of carbon?
Organic sources
Organics
They breakdown organic compounds into nitrogen, carbon, and energy
Chemoheterotroph
Chemical reactions with liberated energy through digestion of food materials?
Catabolic reaction
Making of complex cellular polymers, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids with the use of liberated energy
Anabolic reactions
Oxidation means
Losing electrons
Reduction means
Gaining electrons
Indicates whether oxidizing or reducing conditions prevail in particular situations or environment
Redox potential
Food should be oxidized to breakdown and release energy
Redox potential
These organisms prefer low redox potential environment
Anaerobic organisms
These organisms prefer high redox potential environment
Aerobic organisms
Glycolysis converts __ to ___
Glucose to pyruvic acid
This type of metabolism only releases a small amount of energy and oxygen is not necessary
Glycolysis
True or false: is oxygen necessary for glycolysis?
False because it isn’t necessary
What are the electron acceptors of an anaerobic respiration?
Nitrate and fumarate electronic acceptor
What is the electron acceptor of aerobic respiration?
Oxygen electron acceptor
This is the process of releasing energy from sugar in which final electron acceptor is an organic molecule
Fermentation
Fermentation produces ___&____ From sugar
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
Fermentation produces acids from — & —
Lactic acid and propionic
-
-
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanediol
What are the food materials of microorganisms?
- Dilute solutions of mineral salts, and sugar
- Rare Carbohydrates
- Proteins and non-carbohydrate foods
Facultative switch from __ to __ if oxygen supplies are depleted
Respiration to fermentation
This is a reason why antibiotics do not work by interfering with chemical reactions used by microorganisms
Their ability to switch metabolic pathways
These are produced during microbial culture growth
Primary metabolites
These are produced after cell multiplication has slowed stopped
Secondary metabolites
Botox is the toxin of
Clostridium botulinum
Stationary phase includes
Antibiotics
Enzymes
Toxins
Carbohydrates
