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LIGHTING > Fundamentals of Lighting > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Lighting Flashcards

1
Q

Visually evaluated radiant energy

A

Light

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2
Q

It may be reflected, absorbed or allowed to pass through

A

Light

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3
Q

what are the Types of Light

A
  1. Natural Light
  2. Artificial Light
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4
Q

what are the Light Sources

A
  1. Incandescent Lamp
  2. Gaseous Discharge Lamp
  3. Electroluminescent Sources
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5
Q

what are the Goals of Lighting Design

A
  1. Lighting levels should be adequate
  2. Lighting equipment should be unobstructive
  3. Lighting must have the proper quality
  4. Lighting design must be accomplished efficiently
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6
Q

Types of Lighting System

A
  1. Direct Lighting
  2. Indirect Lighting
  3. General Diffused or Direct-Indirect
  4. Semi-Indirect Lighting
  5. Semi-Direct Lighting
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7
Q

Classification of Lighting

A
  1. General or Area Lighting
  2. Local or Specific Lighting
  3. Safety Lighting
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8
Q

Preliminary- Design Guidelines

A
  1. Design lighting for expected activity
  2. Design with more effective luminaires and fenestration
  3. Use efficient Light Sources
  4. Use more efficient luminaires
  5. Use thermal-controlled luminaires
  6. Use lighter finishes on ceilings, walls, floors and furnishings
  7. Use efficient Incandescent lamps
  8. turn off lights when not needed
  9. Control window brightness
  10. Utilize daylighting as practicable
  11. Keep lighting equipment clean and in good working order
  12. Post instructions covering operation and maintenance
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9
Q

It is a type of light that comes from natural sources.

A

Natural Light

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10
Q

It is a type of light that is man-made.

A

Artificial Light

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11
Q

A type of light source that produces light by heating a filament

A

Incandescent Lamp

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12
Q

A type of light source that produces light by passing an electric current through a gas

A

Gaseous Discharge Lamp

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13
Q

A type of light source that emits light in response to an electric current

A

Electroluminescent Sources

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14
Q

A type of lighting that illuminates a specific area directly

A

Direct Lighting

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15
Q

A type of lighting that illuminates a space by reflecting light off surfaces.

A

Indirect Lighting

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16
Q

A type of lighting that combines both indirect and direct lighting methods.

A

General Diffused or Direct-Indirect Lighting

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17
Q

A type of lighting that directs light upward while diffusing some light downward

A

Semi-Indirect Lighting

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18
Q

A type of lighting that directs light downwards while allowing some light to reflect upwards

A

Semi-Direct Lighting

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19
Q

A type of lighting that provides overall illumination for a space

A

General or Area Lighting

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20
Q

A type of lighting that focuses on a specific area or task

A

Local or Specific Lighting

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21
Q

A type of lighting designed to enhance visibility and safety.

A

Safety Lighting

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22
Q

A lighting source that closely replicates natural sunlight

A

Natural Lighting

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23
Q

The most practical method of passive solar energy utilization in commercial buildings

A

Daylighting

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24
Q

The primary source of natural light.

A

Sunlight

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25
Q

Diffused light from the sky, often harnessed through windows and skylights

A

Skylight

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26
Q

Excessive brightness can cause discomfort and reduce visibility.

A

Glare

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27
Q

Properties of Sound

A
  1. Speed
  2. Intensity
  3. Acoustical Power
  4. Wavelength
  5. Frequency
  6. Loudness
  7. Threshold of Audibility
  8. Threshold of Pain
  9. Directionality of Sound Sources
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28
Q

Sound travels at 1,130 ft per second or 344 meters per second at normal room temperature (22.2˚C)

A

Speed

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29
Q

Rate at which sound energy is being transmitted

A

Instensity

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30
Q

What is the formula of Sound Intensity?

A

I = P / A

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31
Q

Rate of emission of acoustical energy from sources of sound

A

Acoustical Power

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32
Q

The distance a sound wave travels during each complete cycle of vibration measured in meters or feet

A

Wavelength

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33
Q

What is the symbol used to denote wavelength?

A

λ

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34
Q

The number of displacements or oscillations that a particle undergoes in one second

35
Q

What is the unit of measurement for frequency?

36
Q

Subjective attribute of an auditory
sensation in terms of which sound may be ordered on a scale of soft to loud

37
Q

Minimum intensity that is capable of
evoking an auditory sensation in the
ear

A

Threshold of Audibility

38
Q

Minimum sound pressure level which stimulates the ear to a point which is painful

A

Threshold of Pain

39
Q

The way in which sound is distributed in region free from reflecting surfaces

A

Directionality of Sound Sources

40
Q

The science of sound

41
Q

Three Common Elements of Acoustics

A
  1. Source
  2. Transmission Path
  3. Receiver
42
Q

Types of Acoustics

A
  1. Psychoacoustics
  2. Environmental Acoustics
  3. Electro Acoustics
  4. Sonics
43
Q

Technology of designing spaces, structures, and mechanical systems to meet hearing needs.

A

Architectural Acoustics

44
Q

Physical wave, a mechanical vibration, or simply a series of pressure variations, in an elastic medium.

45
Q

Audible signal

46
Q

Two types of sound based on medium

A
  1. Airborne sound
  2. Structure-borne sound
47
Q

the medium is air

A

Airborne Sound

48
Q

The media are concrete, wood, steel, glass, and any other building materials

A

Structure-borne Sound

49
Q

Two types of sound based on desirability

A
  1. Wanted Sound
  2. Unwanted Sound
50
Q

Natural Elements that affect sound

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Clouds
  3. Wind
  4. Bodies of Water
51
Q

A natural element affects sound by causing particles to follow cold air

A

Temperature

52
Q

A natural element affects sound by acting as a reflecting surface

A

Clouds / Bodies of Water

53
Q

A natural element affects sound that may change the direction of sound

54
Q

Characteristics of Sound

A
  1. Sound Reflection
  2. Sound Absorption
  3. Sound Diffusion
  4. Sound Diffraction
  5. Sound Refraction
  6. Sound Transmission
55
Q

Building materials used for sound absorption

A
  1. Carpet
  2. Foam padding
  3. Glass wool
  4. Mineral Wool
  5. Building Insulation
  6. Fabric
56
Q

Building material used for Sound Reflection

A
  1. Gypsum board
  2. Glass
  3. Ceramic
  4. Granite
  5. Marble
  6. Metal
  7. Plastic Surface
  8. Plastered Surface
  9. Concrete
57
Q

Sound reflected off a surface, usually one that is hard, rigid and flat.

A

Sound Reflection

58
Q

A type of surface that causes uniform sound reflection

A

Flat Surface

59
Q

A type of surface that causes sound dispersion

A

Convex Surface

60
Q

A type of surface that causes sound concentration

A

Concave Surface

61
Q

Sound waves absorbed into a material upon contact

A

Sound Absorption

62
Q

Occurs when sound waves are dispersed equally in a room

A

Sound Diffusion

63
Q

Building materials used for Sound Diffusion

A
  1. Wood / Plywood / Board
  2. Aluminum
64
Q

An acoustical phenomenon which causes sound waves to be bent or scattered around such obstacles as corners, columns, walls, beams, etc.

A

Sound Diffraction

65
Q

Change of sound wave direction as it moves from one medium to another of different densities

A

Sound Refraction

66
Q

Sound that penetrates through the surface

A

Sound Transmission

67
Q

Types of Sound Transmission

A
  1. Flanking Transmission
  2. Direct Transmission
68
Q

Sound traveling along parts of the building other than the common wall or floor

A

Flanking Transmission

69
Q

Sound coming through the common wall or floor

A

Direct Transmission

70
Q

11 steps /measures in Planning for Good Acoustics

A
  1. The selection of the Site
  2. The making of a noise survey
  3. The arrangement of the rooms
  4. The selection of proper sound-insulation
  5. The control of noise
  6. The size of the room
  7. The distribution of absorptive and reflective materials
  8. The supervision during installation
  9. The installation of sound-amplification equipment
  10. The inspection
  11. The maintenance instructions
71
Q

Requirements for Good Acoustics

A
  1. All noises should be reduced
  2. The room’s shape and size should be designed
  3. The reverberation time should approach the optimum characteristics
  4. Provision of appropriate acoustic materials
72
Q

Features that apply to both speech and music rooms

A
  1. Freedom from disturbing noise
  2. Proper shape of the room
  3. Sufficient sound level for the listeners
73
Q

Design of Room Shape

A
  1. Floor Plan
  2. Elevation of seats
  3. Ceilings
  4. Side Walls
  5. Rear Walls
  6. Balcony Recess
74
Q

Categories of Acoustical Materials

A
  1. Prefabricated Units
  2. Acoustical Plaster and Sprayed
  3. Acoustical Blankets
75
Q

Mechanically perforated units backed with absorbent material

A

Prefabricated Units

76
Q

Materials used for Prefabricated Units

A
  1. Wall boards
  2. Tile boards
  3. Absorbent sheets
77
Q

Fibrous materials combined with binder agents which are applied with sprayed on an air gun of blower

A

Acoustical Plaster and Sprayed

78
Q

Blankets made up of mineral or wood wool, glass fibers, kapok batts, and hair felt

A

Acoustical Blankets

79
Q

frequency a human ear is capable of detecting

A

20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz

80
Q

The loudness of sound is measured in ____

81
Q

To quantify volume, we use ___

82
Q

Any sound with a frequency below 20 Herts is called ___

A

Infrasound

83
Q

Any sound with frequency above 20,000 Hertz is known as ___

A

Ultrasound

LIGHTING (1 decks)

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