Fundamentals of Investment Theory Flashcards
Give examples of Client Objectives
1) Stability of Principal
2) Income
3) Growth of Income
4) Capital Appreciation
5) Asset liability matching
Give examples of Client Circumstances
1) Financial Needs
2) Risk Profile (Risk Aversion / Risk Tolerance)
3) Constraints
What should you avoid exposing a client to, regardless of time-horizon
Unnecessary amounts of risk
e.g. if aim is CPI+2% - no need for large equity allocation, regardless of time horizon.
What is the formula for Risk Aversion?
1 / Risk Tolerance
What is the formula for Risk Tolerance
1 / Risk Aversion
What are the 4 types of annuity?
1) Variable
2) Deferred
3) Conventional
4) Guaranteed Annuities
What is a variable annuity?
Variable value based on performance of investment.
Level of income paid in retirement is variable
What is a deferred annuity?
Income commences at a a later date (will be paid at a higher amount)
Risk of dying before deferred period kicks in.
What is a conventional annuity?
Secured income for life - in exchange for a lump sum.
Pays fixed sum regardless of interest rate risks
What risk is there to the issuer of a conventional annuity?
Buyer may live for a long time
What is a guaranteed annuity?
Guarenteed sum paid - if client dies, estate receives remainder.
List 3 other features of annuities
1) Inflation Linked
2) Escalation Rate
3) Joint Annuities (e.g. 50% to spouse on death)
6 Investor risks
not investment risks
1) Capital presevation in monetary terms
2) Preservation in real terms (purchasing power/inflation)
3) Avoiding undesirable outcomes
4) Possibility investment may fail
5) Liquidity risk (can’t raise cash when needed)
6) Relability of regular income stream
What is utility?
A feeling of well-being
The optimal portfolio is the one proiding the highest utility
How is utility calculated?
Return on Portfolio - (Variance / Risk Tolerance)