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BloodBank > Fundamentals of Immunology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Process by which a host organism protects itself from attacks by both external and internal

A

Immunity

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2
Q

Primary barrier

Naturally present

Happens in early life

A

Innate Immunity

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3
Q
  • Mediated by innate immunity
  • Exposed in infection
  • Late development
A

Adaptive Immunity

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4
Q

Exposed directly to infection

A

Active Natural

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5
Q

Have antibodies without being exposed

Vaccine are formed

A

Active Artificial

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6
Q

Antibodies pass from the mother via placenta

Breastmlik or colostrum

A

Passive Natural

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7
Q

Transfusion

Transplantation

A

Passive Artificial

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8
Q
  • Cell mediated
  • T-cells
  • Active against cancer cells & Transplanted tissues
  • kills through lysis
A

Cellular

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9
Q
  • antibody mediated
  • B-cells
  • Production of antibodies in blood plasma and lymph
A

Humoral

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10
Q

A substance recognized by the body as being foreign which can cause immune

A

The Antigen

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11
Q

Foreign Substances

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasite
Allergen

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12
Q

Referring to antigens that are products of allelic genes

A

Antithetical Antigens

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13
Q

The affinity of an Antibodies and the antigen against which it is directed

A

Antigen Specificity

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14
Q

Blood Group Antigens

A

Protein
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins

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15
Q

Rh, Mn, N blood group substance

A

Proteins

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16
Q

ABH, Lewis, Li, P blood group subtance

A

Glycolipids

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17
Q

Human Leukocyte Antigen

A

Glycoproteins

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18
Q
  • Also known as Immunoglobulins/gamma globulins
  • Secreted by mature B cells named as plasma cells
  • Bind foreign molecules known as antigen
A

The Antibody

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19
Q

Five Immunoglobulins

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

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20
Q

Antibodies exposure to non-self antigens

A

Alloantibodies

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21
Q

Produced in response to RBC stimulation through transfusion l, transplantation or pregnancy

A

Immune Alloantibodies

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22
Q

Exposure to environmental sources
(Fungus & bacteria)

A

Natural Occuring Alloantibodies

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23
Q

Antibodies produced in one individual then transmitted to another individual via plasma containing blood (IVIG)

A

Passively Acquired Antibodies

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24
Q

___directed against antigens expressed on one’s own RBCs

A

Autoantibodies

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25
Q

Produced directed to your own antigens

A

Antibodies

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26
Q

Detects IgM

A

Immediate Spin

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27
Q

Mostly it is an incomplete antibody

A

Thermophase

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28
Q

Ab screening : IgG

A

AntihumanGlobulin

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29
Q

Is a complex Group of over 20 circulating and cell membrane proteins that have a multitude of functions within the immune response

A

The complement System

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30
Q

3 main pathway

A

Classical Complement pathway
Alternative Complement pathway
Lectin Complement pathway

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31
Q
  • Tertiary line of defense
  • Activated by Antigen-Antibody binding
  • Requires IgM or IgG for activation
  • IgG antibody depends on concentration of cell surface
A

Classical Complement Pathway

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32
Q
  • Activated by surface contracts with complex molecules & artificial surfaces such as dialysis membranes & dextran polymers
  • allows activation of complement without acquired immunity
A

Alternative Complement Pathway

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33
Q
  • Activated by the attachment of MBL to microbes
  • Reactions are the same as those of the Classical Pathway
A

Lectin Complement Pathway

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34
Q

Ending Complement

What will Happened?

A

Membrane attack complex

Cell lysis/Cell destruction

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35
Q

RBC antigen could react specifically to an antibody

A

Red blood cell - antibody interaction

36
Q

Tested using Antigen

A

Antibodies

37
Q

Tested using antibodies

A

Antigens

38
Q

Antibody Reagents:

A
  1. Typing Sera/Antisera
  2. Lectins
39
Q
  • Cell clumping
A

Hemolysis

40
Q
  • When there’s cell destruction, this indicates that RBC antigen reacts with antibodies.
A
  1. Complement Protein Activation
  2. Strong Agglutination Reaction
  3. Physical manifestation of Hemolytic
41
Q

Apparatus to deactivate the complement

A

Water Bath at 56°c

42
Q

Turbid red

A

Hematuria

43
Q

Clear Red

A

Hemoglobinuria

44
Q

Will lyse the RBC (in vivo)

A

Strong agglutination reaction

45
Q

Reaction: Clear red

A

Physical manifestation of hemolytic

46
Q
  • RBCs in close proximity
  • speed
  • length
A

Centrifugation

47
Q

Centri is too fast, too long

A

False positive

48
Q

Centri is too slow, too short

A

False negative

49
Q

Expressed in Angstroms unit (A)

A

Antibody length

50
Q

1000 A unit

A

IgM

51
Q

250 A unit

A

IgG

52
Q

The electric repulsion or clouding between RBCs.

A

Zeta potential

53
Q

There will be delay in agglutination reaction:

A

Incubation time: increased
test sensitivity : decreased

54
Q

Directly proportional to one another

A

Relationship of Zeta potential & IT

55
Q

Reagent that will dissolve zeta potential

A

Potentiator

56
Q

If the antigen of the RBCs are positioned on the outer part of the cell membrane

A

Faster agglutination reaction

57
Q

If the antigen of the RBCs are positioned on the inner part of the cell membrane

A

Delay or decrease in agglutination

58
Q

It is based on the zeta potential level

A

Length of incubation time

59
Q

Based on the time of antibody that reacts with the antigen

A

Reaction temperature

60
Q

Ab is IgM, reaction temperature is ___

A

cold at room temperature

61
Q

Optimal temperature

A

4 degC

62
Q

Ab is IgG, reaction temperature is ___

A

Warm at 37 degC

63
Q

React optimally at the ___ phase of testing

A

Antihumanglobulin (AHG)

64
Q

Ab reacts at a pH plasma

A

7.35 - 7.4

65
Q

Some Ab that reacts at lower pH such as

A

Anti-M Ab

66
Q

Acidic pH __ (perform specimen acidification)

A

6.0 - 6.5

67
Q

When optimal concentration of Ag reacts with optimal reaction Ab

A

Point of Equivalence

68
Q

Where Ag or Ab is excess

A

Zonal effect/phenomenon

69
Q

Ab is excess
remedy:

A

Prozone
(Perform Serial Dilution)

70
Q

Ag is excess
Remedy:

A

Postzone
(RCS or cell washing)

71
Q

These are ____ that aid in detection of clinically significant antibodies which are commonly in IgG in nature

A

Enhancement Media

72
Q

Maybe added to crosslink sensitised cells. Detects IgG

A

AHG or Antihumanglobulin reagent

73
Q

Can also detect IgG, by adjusting zeta potential between the RBC

A

22% Albumin

74
Q

Contains 0.2% sodium chloride(NaCl), which causes RBC to take up antibodies more rapidly

A

LISS or Low Ionic Strength Solution

75
Q

This works by aggregating red cells, causing closer proximity for easier cross-linking of the red cells

A

PEG or Polyethylene Glycol

76
Q

Reagents that reduce RBC

A

Enzymes

77
Q

Example of Enzymes:

A

Ficin - fig tree
Papain - papaya
Trypsin - intestines
Bromelin - pineapple

78
Q

These enzymes they can destroy

A

Duffy, MNs, Antigens

79
Q

These enzymes they can Enhance

A

RH, kidd, P1, Lewis & I antigens

80
Q

Good detection of IgM & IgG

A

Saline

81
Q

DegC of IgM

A

@25 degC

82
Q

DegC of IgG

A

@37 degC

83
Q

-Pentamer Structures
-cold reacting
-readily agglutinating
- responsible for primary response

A

IgM

84
Q

-Monomer structure
-warm reacting
-needs AHG reagent
-responsible for secondary response

A

IgG

85
Q

Antibody-like substances or agents obtained or derived from plant sources specifically seed extracts that could detect specific antigen

A

Lectins

86
Q

Same with lectins, but it is derived from animal sources most commonly from snail

A

Prolectins

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