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Transfusion > Fundamentals of Immune System: > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Immune System: Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology the study of?

A
  • The study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
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2
Q

Define immunity:

A
  • The condition of being resistant to infection
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3
Q

Define Infection:

A
  • Invasion or colonization of the host by pathogenic microorganisms
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4
Q

Define disease:

A
  • When an infection results in a change of health status
  • When the normal functions of the body have been altered by the pathogen
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5
Q

What two systems of immunity can the immune system be divided into?

A
  • Innate (Natural)
  • Adaptive (Acquired)
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6
Q

What kind of defence system does innate immunity have?

A
  • Has both an external defense system and internal defense system
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7
Q

What is the first line of defence?

A
  • external defense system.
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8
Q

What are 5 examples of the external defence system?

A
  • Sweat
  • Sebum
  • Tears
  • Saliva
  • urine
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9
Q

What is the second line of defence?

A

-Internal defence system

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10
Q

Define Phagocytosis:

A
  • Process by which a phagocyte (cell capable of phagocytosis; certain white blood cells) surrounds and destroys foreign substances and removes dead cells
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11
Q

What is the second line of defence made up of?

A
  • Made up of cells and soluble factors
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12
Q

What 5 Leukocytes are in peripheral blood?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinphils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Natural Killer cells
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13
Q

What are 3 tissue cells?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • Dendritic cells
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14
Q

What is a Neutrophils main function?

A
  • Main function is phagocytosis resulting in the destruction of foreign particles
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15
Q

What results in an increase of neutrophils?

A
  • Acute infection results in an increase of neutrophils in circulating blood
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16
Q

When can the number of Eoisinphils increase?

A
  • Number increases in an allergic reaction or in response to certain parasitic infections
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17
Q

What do Eosinphils regulate?

A
  • Regulates mast cell function and the immune response
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18
Q

What is the function of granules in a basophil?

A
  • Granules have an important function in inducing and maintaining allergic reactions
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19
Q

What do basophils regulate?

A
  • Regulate some T-helper cell response and stimulate B cells to produce the antibody IgE
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20
Q

What is called when basophils releases its granules?

A
  • When granules are released, it is called degranulation
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21
Q

What do monocytes become when they migrate to tissues?

A
  • Can migrate to tissues and become macrophages
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22
Q

What do Macrophages arise from?

A
  • All macrophages arise from monocytes
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23
Q

What are the two primary functions of macrophages?

A
  • Antigen-presenting cell
  • Produce signals required for the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes
24
Q

What do macrophages do in innate immune response?

A
  • In the innate immune response, macrophages destroy microbes, have anti-tumor activity, remove intracellular parasites, perform phagocytosis, and produce cell mediator secretions
25
Q

What do mast cells play a role in?

A
  • Play a role in allergic reactions (inflammatory response)
26
Q

What else can mast cells function as?

A
  • Can also function as antigen-presenting cells
27
Q

How are dendritic cells classified?

A
  • Classified according to their tissue location
28
Q

How do dendritic cells capture antigens?

A
  • Capture antigens by phagocytosis and present the antigen to T lymphocytes to initiate the adaptive immune response
29
Q

What is the most effective antigen-presenting cell?

A
  • Dendritic cell
30
Q

What do natural killer cells kill?

A
  • kill cells tagged with antibodies
31
Q

What two things are natural killer (NK) cells responsible for?

A
  • Responsible for tumor surveillance
  • Responsible for killing virus-infected cells
32
Q

What type of WBC is a NK cell?

A
  • A type of lymphocyte that does not have antigen receptors
33
Q

What do NK defend against?

A
  • Defend against cells that are virally infected, contain intracellular pathogens, and tumor cells
34
Q

What happens when NK cells are activated?

A
  • Once activated, they produce chemical signals to help recruit T cells (part of the adaptive immune system)
35
Q

What are 4 signs of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • heat (caused by increased blood flow ((vasodilation)))
  • pain
36
Q

Why is inflammation important?

A
  • Inflammation is a defense mechanism that is part of the internal innate immune response
  • Works to remove these stimuli (pathogens) by enhancing phagocytosis
37
Q

Where do pathogens go when they make it past the first line of defense?

A
  • When pathogens get by the first line of defense (i.e. skin), they make it into the interstitial fluid
38
Q

What is triggered when a pathogen makes it to the interstitial fluid?

A
  • Triggers chemokines (messengers) to be released into the interstitial fluid
39
Q

What is released from mast cells?

A
  • Histamine is released from mast cells – Caused by direct injury, chemokines, or the pathogen itself
40
Q

What does Histamine cause endothelial cells to do?

A
  • Causes endothelial cells lining the capillaries to space out, making the spaces between them larger – vasodilation
41
Q

What does Chemokines signal Neutrophils to do?

A
  • Chemokines signal for neutrophils to gather and because the space between capillaries has increased, they are able to pass through
42
Q

What is adaptive immunity characterized by?

A
  • Characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen
43
Q

What is adaptive immunity triggered by?

A
  • Triggered by immunogens
44
Q

What does adaptive immunity have the ability to remember?

A
  • Ability to remember a prior exposure (memory)
45
Q

What two responses is adaptive immunity made up of?

A

Made up of two responses:
- Humoral Immune Response
- Cell-Mediated Immune Response

46
Q

What cells do lymphocytes have?

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
47
Q

What are the two major populations in lymphocytes?

A
  • t cells
  • B cells
48
Q

Where can lymphocytes be differentiated?

A
  • Lymphocytes can be differentiated in the bone marrow and thymus
49
Q

What on the surface of lymphocytes help distinguish each subpopulation?

A
  • Proteins on the cells’ surface distinguish each subpopulation
  • Clusters of differentiation (CD)
  • Hundreds of CDs discovered but only a handful are considered the most important when identifying lymphocytes
50
Q

What type of immunity is B cells?

A
  • Humoral Immunity
51
Q

What does humoral immunity mean?

A
  • Pathogens are floating around in the fluid and have not infiltrated cells yet
52
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A
  • Produced in the Bone marrow
53
Q

B cells have what type of immunoglobulins?

A
  • B cells have membrane-bound immunoglobulins
54
Q

What happens when B cells mature?

A
  • When B cells mature, the genes coding for the membrane-bound immunoglobulins rearrange to produce a specific immunoglobulin (antibody)
55
Q

What happens to B cells after maturation?

A
  • After maturation, they circulate in the peripheral blood waiting to “bump into” the antigen the immunoglobulins are specific to – naïve B cell
56
Q

What does In vitro mean?

A

Outside the body

57
Q

What does in vivo mean?

A

Inside the body

Transfusion (3 decks)

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