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Sports Rehabilitation: Year 1 > Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some components which we can find within the cell?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Golgi complex
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm
  • Centriole
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
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2
Q

Describe the plasma membrane.

A

A lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded

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3
Q

Describe the golgi complex.

A

Collects, packages and distributes molecules manufactured in the cell

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4
Q

Describe the lysosomes.

A

A vesicle that breaks down macromolecules and digests worn out cell components

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5
Q

Describe the mitochondria.

A

An organelle in which energy is extracted from food during oxidative metabolism

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6
Q

Describe the cytoplasm.

A

A semifluid matrix that contains the nucleus and other organelles

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7
Q

Describe the centriole.

A

Complex assembly of microtubules that occurs in pairs

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8
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton.

A

It supports organelles and cell shape, and plays a role in cell motion.

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9
Q

What are the 3 sub-organelles in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microtubule = tube of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia and flagella
  • Intermediate Filament = intertwined protein fibres that provide support and strength
  • Actin Filament = twisted protein fibres that are responsible for cell movement
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10
Q

Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

A system of internal membranes that aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids

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11
Q

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Internal membranes studded with ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis

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12
Q

Describe the nucleus.

A

The command centre of the cell

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13
Q

What other parts make up the nucleus?

A
  • Nucleolus = the site where ribosomes are produced
  • Nuclear Envelope = a double membrane between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
  • Nuclear Pore = An opening, embedded with proteins that regulates the passage into and out of the nucleus
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14
Q

Describe the ribosomes.

A

Small complexes of RNA and protein that are the sites of protein synthesis

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15
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

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16
Q

What is the cytosol made up of?

A

Water and organelle matter

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of surface anatomy?

A
  1. Surface Anatomy = when you don’t need and MRI scan to see
  2. Gross Anatomy = when you don’t need a microscope to see
  3. Regional Anatomy = the specific area you’re looking at
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18
Q

What is histology?

A

microscopic study of the structure of tissue

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19
Q

What is the development of an atom to an organism?

A

atom -> molecule -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism

20
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  • epithelial
  • muscle
  • nervous
  • connective
21
Q

What are some examples of cells?

A
  • sperm
  • egg
  • kidney
  • liver
  • bone
  • blood
22
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The combination of an egg and sperm cell

23
Q

What components make up a neurone?

A
  • dendrite
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of ranvier
  • axon
24
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

They communicate with other cells and receive information on action potentials

25
What does the myelin sheath do?
Covers the axon and helps to transmit action potentials quicker
26
What happens at the Nodes of Ranvier?
The transmission of sodium and potassium ions
27
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
- hyaline cartilage - fibrocartilage - elastic cartilage
28
Describe hyaline cartilage.
- found in joints - resembles a thick gel - matrix has closely packed collagen fibres - provides flexibility, support and smooth surfaces for mobility
29
Describe fibrocartilage.
- very dense - has no perichondrium - embedded with chondrocytes making it tough - ideal for protection and support - found in meniscus/ callus/ labarum - found at osteotendinous junctions
30
Describe elastic cartilage.
- flexible - chondrocytes lie between fibres - found in ear and blood vessel walls
31
What is the function of bone?
- provides support - gives protection - provides movement - produces red blood cells - stores minerals
32
How many bones do we have?
We have 270 bones at birth, but this converts to 206 in adulthood as some fuse together
33
What are the 2 types of bone and what are their consistencies?
- compact bone (rigid) - cancellous bone (spongy)
34
What is the diathesis of a bone?
It is the shaft of the bone. The diathesis has a hollow region where red blood cells are made
35
What are the 5 types of bone?
- flat bones - short bones - long bones - irregular bones - sesamoid bones
36
What are the 3 types of bone cell, and what do they do?
- osteoblasts (make and repair bone) - osteoclasts (digests bones/ break bones) - osteocytes (inactive osteoblasts)
37
What is liquid connective tissue and what is it made up of?
Liquid connective tissue is cells that are suspended within a liquid matrix. It is comprised of blood and lymph.
38
What is the purpose of blood?
- transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones to cells - formed in bone marrow - its components are suspended in blood plasma - 5 litres
39
What are the 5 blood cells?
- erythrocytes - leucocytes - neutrophils - basophils - eosinophils
40
Describe erythrocytes (red blood cells).
- lack nucleus - contains haemoglobin - surrounded by a membrane of lipids and proteins - 44% of total blood flow - produced by the bone marrow - lives for 120 days - biconcave shape to increase surface area
41
Describe leucocytes (white blood cells).
- have a nucleus - have no haemoglobin - detect foreign material and destroys it - only 1% of blood volume - produced in the bone marrow
42
What are the types of white blood cells?
- neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils
43
Describe neutrophils.
- released from the bone marrow - 50% of the total white blood cells - 1st line of defence - send signals to alert other immune cells - help remove dead cells
44
Describe basophils.
- associated with allergic reactions - represents 1% of the white blood cell count - promote inflammation - bind to allergen receptors
45
Describe eosinophils.
- represents less than 5% total white blood cells - less active than neutrophils - large amounts found in the digestive system - have toxic chemicals which bind to infecting organisms
46

Sports Rehabilitation: Year 1 (1 decks)

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