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Sports Rehabilitation: Year 1 > Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some components which we can find within the cell?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Golgi complex
  • Lysosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm
  • Centriole
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
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2
Q

Describe the plasma membrane.

A

A lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded

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3
Q

Describe the golgi complex.

A

Collects, packages and distributes molecules manufactured in the cell

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4
Q

Describe the lysosomes.

A

A vesicle that breaks down macromolecules and digests worn out cell components

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5
Q

Describe the mitochondria.

A

An organelle in which energy is extracted from food during oxidative metabolism

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6
Q

Describe the cytoplasm.

A

A semifluid matrix that contains the nucleus and other organelles

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7
Q

Describe the centriole.

A

Complex assembly of microtubules that occurs in pairs

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8
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton.

A

It supports organelles and cell shape, and plays a role in cell motion.

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9
Q

What are the 3 sub-organelles in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microtubule = tube of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia and flagella
  • Intermediate Filament = intertwined protein fibres that provide support and strength
  • Actin Filament = twisted protein fibres that are responsible for cell movement
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10
Q

Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

A system of internal membranes that aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids

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11
Q

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Internal membranes studded with ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis

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12
Q

Describe the nucleus.

A

The command centre of the cell

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13
Q

What other parts make up the nucleus?

A
  • Nucleolus = the site where ribosomes are produced
  • Nuclear Envelope = a double membrane between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
  • Nuclear Pore = An opening, embedded with proteins that regulates the passage into and out of the nucleus
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14
Q

Describe the ribosomes.

A

Small complexes of RNA and protein that are the sites of protein synthesis

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15
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

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16
Q

What is the cytosol made up of?

A

Water and organelle matter

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of surface anatomy?

A
  1. Surface Anatomy = when you don’t need and MRI scan to see
  2. Gross Anatomy = when you don’t need a microscope to see
  3. Regional Anatomy = the specific area you’re looking at
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18
Q

What is histology?

A

microscopic study of the structure of tissue

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19
Q

What is the development of an atom to an organism?

A

atom -> molecule -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism

20
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  • epithelial
  • muscle
  • nervous
  • connective
21
Q

What are some examples of cells?

A
  • sperm
  • egg
  • kidney
  • liver
  • bone
  • blood
22
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The combination of an egg and sperm cell

23
Q

What components make up a neurone?

A
  • dendrite
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of ranvier
  • axon
24
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

They communicate with other cells and receive information on action potentials

25
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Covers the axon and helps to transmit action potentials quicker

26
Q

What happens at the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

The transmission of sodium and potassium ions

27
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
28
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage.

A
  • found in joints
  • resembles a thick gel
  • matrix has closely packed collagen fibres
  • provides flexibility, support and smooth surfaces for mobility
29
Q

Describe fibrocartilage.

A
  • very dense
  • has no perichondrium
  • embedded with chondrocytes making it tough
  • ideal for protection and support
  • found in meniscus/ callus/ labarum
  • found at osteotendinous junctions
30
Q

Describe elastic cartilage.

A
  • flexible
  • chondrocytes lie between fibres
  • found in ear and blood vessel walls
31
Q

What is the function of bone?

A
  • provides support
  • gives protection
  • provides movement
  • produces red blood cells
  • stores minerals
32
Q

How many bones do we have?

A

We have 270 bones at birth, but this converts to 206 in adulthood as some fuse together

33
Q

What are the 2 types of bone and what are their consistencies?

A
  • compact bone (rigid)
  • cancellous bone (spongy)
34
Q

What is the diathesis of a bone?

A

It is the shaft of the bone. The diathesis has a hollow region where red blood cells are made

35
Q

What are the 5 types of bone?

A
  • flat bones
  • short bones
  • long bones
  • irregular bones
  • sesamoid bones
36
Q

What are the 3 types of bone cell, and what do they do?

A
  • osteoblasts (make and repair bone)
  • osteoclasts (digests bones/ break bones)
  • osteocytes (inactive osteoblasts)
37
Q

What is liquid connective tissue and what is it made up of?

A

Liquid connective tissue is cells that are suspended within a liquid matrix. It is comprised of blood and lymph.

38
Q

What is the purpose of blood?

A
  • transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones to cells
  • formed in bone marrow
  • its components are suspended in blood plasma
  • 5 litres
39
Q

What are the 5 blood cells?

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leucocytes
  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
40
Q

Describe erythrocytes (red blood cells).

A
  • lack nucleus
  • contains haemoglobin
  • surrounded by a membrane of lipids and proteins
  • 44% of total blood flow
  • produced by the bone marrow
  • lives for 120 days
  • biconcave shape to increase surface area
41
Q

Describe leucocytes (white blood cells).

A
  • have a nucleus
  • have no haemoglobin
  • detect foreign material and destroys it
  • only 1% of blood volume
  • produced in the bone marrow
42
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
43
Q

Describe neutrophils.

A
  • released from the bone marrow
  • 50% of the total white blood cells
  • 1st line of defence
  • send signals to alert other immune cells
  • help remove dead cells
44
Q

Describe basophils.

A
  • associated with allergic reactions
  • represents 1% of the white blood cell count
  • promote inflammation
  • bind to allergen receptors
45
Q

Describe eosinophils.

A
  • represents less than 5% total white blood cells
  • less active than neutrophils
  • large amounts found in the digestive system
  • have toxic chemicals which bind to infecting organisms
46
Q
A

Sports Rehabilitation: Year 1 (1 decks)

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