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Applied Mud Technology Textbook: IMCO Services: A Division of HALLIBURTON Company > Fundamentals of Drilling Mud: Section 1 > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Drilling Mud: Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Muds are composed of a three phase system:

A

(1) water (liquid phase)
(2) active solids
(3) inert solids

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2
Q

Active Solids

A

Clays that readily swell in water (Hydrophilic) giving viscosity to the fluid and designated as hydrophilic such as IMCO-Gel (bentonite)

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3
Q

Inert Solids

A

Solids in the drilling mud that do not hydrate or swell in the presence of water (hydrophobic), such as BaSO4, sand, shapes that do not hydrate

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4
Q

Hydrophillic

A

Swell in water

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5
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Does not hydrate or swell in the presence of water

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6
Q

What chemical is used to treat mud with a calcium excess of 120 ppm?

A

Soda ash

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7
Q

By increasing the weight the cuttings become more ________ and suspend better, resulting in a cleaner hole

A

buoyant

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8
Q

What is the pressure exerted on a column of fluid at rest called?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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9
Q

Term used to describe the property of a fluid which causes it to build up a rigid or semi-rigid gel structure when allowed to stand at rest; yet the gel structure can be returned to a fluid state by mechanical agitation.

A

thixotropic

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10
Q

Commercial additives may be broken into two broad categories:

A

viscosifiers and weighting materials

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11
Q

There are two basic types of viscosifiers:

A

Clays and polymers

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12
Q

There are two types of commercial clays:

A

montmorillonite and attapulgite

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13
Q

Montmorillonite clays is used in two forms

A

Sodium and calcium

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14
Q

Sodium montmorillonite is the highest grade of clay and commonly called what?

A

bentonite (IMCO-gel)

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15
Q

Bentonite has the ability to swell up to how many times its size?

A

10

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16
Q

Calcium montmorillonite (IMC-Klay) has the ability to swell up to how many times its size?

A

2 to 4

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17
Q

Which clay yields as much viscosity in salty water as it does in fresh water?

A

Attapulgite Clay (IMCO-Brine gel)

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18
Q

True/False: Attapulgite/Brine gel is good for filtration control

A

FALSE

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19
Q

The term used to describe particle size and ability to remain in suspension

A

Colloidal

20
Q

True/False: The atomic structure of commercial clays have a negative imbalance thus permitting water to pull it apart

A

TRUE

21
Q

Which divalent ion is more highly charged than the monovalent sodium ion and forms a stronger bond thus preventing water molecules from swelling the particles to a greater degree?

A

Calcium montmorillonite (IMCO-Klay)

22
Q

Which clay is harder to pry apart and flocs/aggregates in large units with void spaces between thus limiting the usefulness as a fluid loss reducer and borehole stabilizer?

A

Calcium montmorillonite (IMCO-Klay)

23
Q

In a sodium chloride solution above __% salt, bentonite becomes impractical for use as a viscosifier. Why?

A
  1. Sodium tends to satisfy the negative imbalance of the particles, bonding the platelets so tightly it produces little hydration or swelling.
24
Q

When bentonite becomes ineffective because of high salt content, which clay is used as a viscosifier?

A

Attapulgite Clay (IMCO-Brine gel)

25
Q

True/False: Barite, calcium, carbonate and galena are used as viscosifiers

A

FALSE: weighting materials

26
Q

The most commonly used material for increasing the density of muds is?

A

Barite (IMCO-Bar), BaSO4

27
Q

Barite has a specific gravity of __ to __. Galena has a specific gravity of __ to __. Calcium carbonate has a specific gravity of __ to __.

A
  1. 2 to 4.3
  2. 5 to 6.7
  3. 7 to 10.8
28
Q

True/False: Barite is used most often for emergencies such as killing wells.

A

FALSE: galena

29
Q

Which chemical is used to increase the density of oil muds?

A

Calcium carbonate

30
Q

What term is defined as the science of flow and deformation of matter (solid, liquid and gas)? In essence, it deals with the study of the ______-______-____ relationship of any matter.

A

Rheology. stress-strain-time

31
Q

True/False: Viscosity is the most important rheological property of a fluid.

A

TRUE

32
Q

Capillary viscometer is preferred when the data are used for ____ ____ problems.

A

Pipe flow

33
Q

___ ________ is a measure of thixotropic under static conditions. It shows the amount of structure buildup during a static period due to the attractive forces between particles. _____ value is a measure of thixotropic under dynamic conditions.

A

Gel strengths

Yield

34
Q

Starches, CMC, asbestos fibers, and bacterially-grown _______ are under the broad description of which type of viscosifiers

A

polymer

35
Q

Excessive gel strengths can cause complications such as:

  1. __________ of air or gas in the mud, causing a lightening of the __________ column.
  2. Pump efficiency _______.
  3. Retards settling of sand and cuttings while drilling, causing an ________ in _______ and solids buildup.
  4. Swabbing on trips.
  5. _________ pressure surges breaking down the formation.
  6. Unable to get logging tools to the ______.
A
  1. Entrapment, hydrostatic
  2. Reduced
  3. Increase, density
  4. Excessive
  5. bottom
36
Q

True/False. The treatment for excessive gel strengths is not the same for excessive yield point.

A

FALSE

37
Q

The term for loss of fluid into permeable formations after these zones have been exposed to the drilling fluid through drilling operations.

A

Filtration or fluid loss

38
Q

True/False: The rate of fluid loss is proportional to the amount of deposited cake.

A

TRUE

39
Q

Without the deposition of filter cake, dynamic fluid losses are greatest where?

A

Below the bit

40
Q

True/False: Laminar flow is susceptible to greater fluid loss than turbulent flow (generally adjacent to the drill collars).

A

FALSE. Turbulent flow is more prone to fluid loss.

41
Q

Which filtration agent has the most favorable filtration control? And which filtration agent helps control dynamic fluid loss rate, particularly at elevated temperatures?

A

Starch

Lignosulfonate

42
Q

In what ways does temperature effect filtration?

  1. Increased __________
  2. Attractive forces ________ with the change in the ionic atmosphere
  3. Organic colloids such as ______ and CMC break down under excessive temperatures.
  4. High temperatures may cause ___________ in muds containing _______, high alkalinities, and high solids
A
  1. solubility
  2. increase
  3. starch
  4. cementation, calcium
43
Q

True/False: the filter cake becomes more compacted as pressure increases resulting in a change in the cake’s porosity and permeability.

A

TRUE

44
Q

True/False: The addition of dispersants serves to soften the filter cake and thus increase fluid loss.

A

FALSE. It toughens and lowers

45
Q

Benefits of soda ash:

A
  1. Removes calcium contamination

2. Decreases viscosity and gel strength

Applied Mud Technology Textbook: IMCO Services: A Division of HALLIBURTON Company (2 decks)

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