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Molecular Diagnostics > Fundamentals of DNA, RNA & Proteins > Flashcards

Fundamentals of DNA, RNA & Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

what is DNA (very general)

A

2 polymers of nucleotides joined together by hydrogen bonds & form a double helix

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2
Q

nucleotides of DNA are comprised of

A

deoxyribose sugar
nitrogen base
phosphate group

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3
Q

Purines

A

adenine & guanine

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4
Q

Pyrimidine

A

thymine & cytosine

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5
Q

C & G hydrogen bonds

A

3 hydrogen bonds

stronger than A & T

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6
Q

A & T hydrogen bonds

A

2 hydrogen bonds

weaker than C & G

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7
Q

DNA polarity

A

based on the phosphodiester backbone
(covalent bonds)
DNA strands have 5’-3’ polarity
ANTI-PARALLEL strands that are complementary to each other

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8
Q

histones

A

proteins in the nucleus that wrap DNA around it to aid in condensing & organizing DNA

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9
Q

DNA replications direction

A

synthesis of new DNA: 5’-3’

reading parent strand of DNA in 3’-5’

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10
Q

Helicases

A

unwind & untangle DNA from histones

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11
Q

primase

A

synthesizes a short RNA sequence to prime DNA synthesis

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12
Q

polymerases

A

catalyze formation of the phosphodiester bonds
DNA pol III replicates most
DNA pol I removes RNA primer & catalyzes short stretch of DNA

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13
Q

Ligases

A

catalyze formation of a single phosphodiester bond

close up ‘nicks’ in Okazaki fragments

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14
Q

DNA vs RNA

A
  1. DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded
  2. DNA has deoxyribose sugars; RNA has RIBOSE sugars
  3. DNA contains thymine; RNA contains URACIL
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15
Q

types of RNA

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
heteronuclear RNA
small nuclear RNA
MicroRNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA
double stranded RNA
many short RNAs
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16
Q

RNA Transcription: Initiation

A

RNA synthesis begins at the promotor
RNA pol II & accessory proteins assemble on DNA @ this site
TATA box
transcription starts at +1 base site

17
Q

RNA transcription: Elongation

A

RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from DNA strand reading in the 3’-5’ direction

18
Q

RNA Transcription: Termination

A

at the end of the functional gene coding region there will be a string of T’s on the DNA & produce a string of Adenine tails on the mRNA
the longer the poly A tail, the more stable the mRNA

19
Q

RNA secondary structure

A

bases bind to each other creating a 3D structure

especially with tRNA

20
Q

RNA transcription vs DNA replication

A 
Transcription: 
no  priming
slower
lower fidelity
more processive - ability of an enzyme complex to finish what it starts
21
Q

total RNA within a cell

A

ribosomal RNA = 94%
messenger RNA=2%
transfer RNA= 3%

28S rRNA should be double 18S rRNA

22
Q

central dogma

A

DNA w/ promotor & functional coding site –> transcription –> splicing out introns –>translation –> post translational modifications –> finished protein

23
Q

Epigenetics

A 
non-sequence specific heritable traits
transcriptional gene silencing:
selective gene methylation
imprinting
x-inactivation

post transriptional gene silencing (PTGS):
RNA induced silencing complex

24
Q

selective gene methylation

A

CpG islands are sites of methylation in human DNA (strings of CGCGCGC etc)
when methylated these genes will not be expressed

25
Q

genomic imprinting (silencing)

A

imprinting is unique to mammals & flowering plants
expression of a certain gene can be contributed to a certain parental gene

Growth factor gene X
male Donkey: 99%
female donkey: 1%

26
Q

coding region or open reading frame

A

ordered sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that encodes a specific functional product

27
Q

charging tRNAs

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specifically attach amino acids to 3’ end of tRNA

28
Q

protein translation: initiaion

A

AUG is start codon

ribosome on mRNA accepts tRNA at A site

29
Q

protein translation: elongation

A

growing polypeptide as tRNA gets moved to P site & ribosome catalyzes a peptidyl reaction

30
Q

protein translation: termination

A

stop codons:

UAA, UAG, UGA

31
Q

polysome formation

A

multiple ribosomes translating multiple proteins off of one mRNA strand

32
Q

protein turnover

A

lysosomal -10%

proteasomal -90%

Molecular Diagnostics (6 decks)

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