Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation 7th ed

Question 1

In a criminal Investigation, the best hypothesis is chosen on the basis of _____ and a high degree of probability.

Answer 1

consistency with the known fact

Question 2

_____ is a term used to refer to those clues encountered accidentally, which sometimes play an important part in the solution of a crime.

Answer 2

Chance

Question 3

_____ refers to the sudden and unexpected insight that clarifies a problem where reasoning has reached an impasse.

Answer 3

Intuition

Question 4

In order to eliminate unwarranted and misleading suspicions, the report should include:

Answer 4

both positive and negative findings.

Question 5

In a major case, status updates should be made:

Answer 5

at regular intervals.

Question 6

After the subject has been identified by his full name in the report, it is customary to refer to him by:

Answer 6

his last name in capital letters.

Question 7

When the status of the case is “pending”, this means that:

Answer 7

the investigation is continuing.

Question 8

An “uncontacted” possible source of information is called:

Answer 8

an undeveloped lead.

Question 9

In his report, an investigator:

Answer 9

may refer to himself in the third person.

Question 10

When first arriving at a crime scene, it is important for the investigator to:

Answer 10

stand aside and make an estimate of the situation.

Question 11

The purpose of the crime scene photographs is to convey as fully as possible an understanding of what happened at the crime scene from _____ point of view.

Answer 11

an objective

Question 12

If markers are to be used in the crime scene photographs, it will necessary to first take another set of pictures of the scene in its original state in order to:

Answer 12

avoid the charge of tampering with evidence.

Question 13

When photographing a tool mark, _____ should be used.

Answer 13

photomacrography

Question 14

A “posed photograph” is sometimes used:

Answer 14

to illustrate the testimony of witnesses.

Question 15

The crime scene sketch serves all of the following purposes except:

Answer 15

presents the visual appearance of the crime scene.

Question 16

All of the following statements concerning the rough sketch are true except:

Answer 16

measurement may be approximate

Question 17

All of the statements about the finished drawings are true except:

Answer 17

it need not be drawn to scale

Question 18

Using the _____ method, an object is located in an indoor crime scene by measuring the distance from the object to two perpendicular walls.

Answer 18

rectangular coordinates

Question 19

In the _____ method, an object is located at the crime scene by measuring the distance along two straight lines, each between the object and a fixed point.

Answer 19

triangulation

Question 20

Known specimens which are used when examining questioned evidence for similarities and differences are called:

Answer 20

standards of comparison

Question 21

Placing the initials of the investigator an an article of evidence that is found or received at the crime scene is called:

Answer 21

marking

Question 22

After the evidence container has been sealed, a label should be attached to the container bearing:

Answer 22

the identifying case information

Question 23

A firearm should be marked on the frame and on any part that may leave an imprint on the bullet or cartridge case and is:

Answer 23

removable without tools

Question 24

The effectiveness of an investigator is largely dependent on his ability to:

Answer 24

obtain information

Question 25

The neighborhood canvass is usually carried out by:

Answer 25

a team of investigators

Question 26

A background interview of a businessman or a representative of a large company would usually take place:

Answer 26

in the subjects office during office hours

Question 27

In order to obtain the maximum amount of information in a routine criminal case, the investigator should schedule the interview:

Answer 27

whenever the subject has the leisure to devote his full attention to the matter.

Question 28

On first meeting the subject of an interview, the investigator, in order to avoid any misunderstanding, should begin by:

Answer 28

showing his credentials and informing the subject of his identity.

Question 29

“Would you care to sign this statement?” is a poorly formulated question because:

Answer 29

it suggest that a negative reply would be acceptable.

Question 30

The intense preoccupation of _____ with themselves prevents them from being ideal witnesses.

Answer 30

young persons

Question 31

In the interview with the _____, the investigator should convince him of his interests and complete cooperation in the case while privately forming an opinion of his reliability.

Answer 31

compainant

Question 32

The _____ should be flattered. He should be permitted to talk freely and then questioned for details.

Answer 32

informant

Question 33

Because the appearance of a notebook may instill excessive caution in the subject, the investigator must make a judgement as to when it should be used, depending on the _____ of the matter being discussed.

Answer 33

sensitivity

Question 34

Proof of a waiver of rights by the accused may only take the form of:

Answer 34

an express statement

Question 35

An individual enters a police station and states that he wishes to confess a crime. The police officer should:

Answer 35

write down his statement

Question 36

______ required the state to furnish free legal counsel to poor defendants in all felony cases.

Answer 36

Gideon v Wainwright

Question 37

_____ required the state to furnish free legal counsel to poor defendants whenever imprisonment is to be considered punishment.

Answer 37

Argesinger v Hamlin

Question 38

The primary purpose for an interrogation is to obtain:

Answer 38

information that will further the investigation.

Question 39

The interrogator must be able to impress his subject and inspire confidence:

Answer 39

because his personality commands respect.

Question 40

the most important acquired characteristic of an interrogator is his:

Answer 40

general knowledge

Question 41

As a man of integrity, the interrogator should:

Answer 41

only make promises he can keep.

Question 42

One of the first lessons to be learned by an inexperienced investigator is the unfortunate ease in which he can:

Answer 42

loss control of the interrogation.

Question 43

In detecting deception, the interrogator draws his conclusions not only from the inconsistencies and improbabilities in the subject’s statement but also from the _____ of the subject discernible in his features and mannerisms or in his unconscious behavior.

Answer 43

emotional reaction

Question 44

Observed physiological changes in the subject, as in quickened heartbeat, a change in breathing, blushing, perspiring, and dryness of mouth, are usually consistent with a state of:

Answer 44

both nervousness and guilt

Question 45

A questioning technique used by polygraph experts that involves a series of relevant (concerning the offense) and irrelevant (not concerning the event) questions mixed together in a planned order is called the _____ test.

Answer 45

general question

Question 46

The Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) is a form of lie detector that is based on the principle that internal stress is reflected in the:

Answer 46

inaudible variations of the voice