Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation 7th ed Flashcards
In a criminal Investigation, the best hypothesis is chosen on the basis of _____ and a high degree of probability.
consistency with the known fact
_____ is a term used to refer to those clues encountered accidentally, which sometimes play an important part in the solution of a crime.
Chance
_____ refers to the sudden and unexpected insight that clarifies a problem where reasoning has reached an impasse.
Intuition
In order to eliminate unwarranted and misleading suspicions, the report should include:
both positive and negative findings.
In a major case, status updates should be made:
at regular intervals.
After the subject has been identified by his full name in the report, it is customary to refer to him by:
his last name in capital letters.
When the status of the case is “pending”, this means that:
the investigation is continuing.
An “uncontacted” possible source of information is called:
an undeveloped lead.
In his report, an investigator:
may refer to himself in the third person.
When first arriving at a crime scene, it is important for the investigator to:
stand aside and make an estimate of the situation.
The purpose of the crime scene photographs is to convey as fully as possible an understanding of what happened at the crime scene from _____ point of view.
an objective
If markers are to be used in the crime scene photographs, it will necessary to first take another set of pictures of the scene in its original state in order to:
avoid the charge of tampering with evidence.
When photographing a tool mark, _____ should be used.
photomacrography
A “posed photograph” is sometimes used:
to illustrate the testimony of witnesses.
The crime scene sketch serves all of the following purposes except:
presents the visual appearance of the crime scene.
All of the following statements concerning the rough sketch are true except:
measurement may be approximate
All of the statements about the finished drawings are true except:
it need not be drawn to scale
Using the _____ method, an object is located in an indoor crime scene by measuring the distance from the object to two perpendicular walls.
rectangular coordinates
In the _____ method, an object is located at the crime scene by measuring the distance along two straight lines, each between the object and a fixed point.
triangulation
Known specimens which are used when examining questioned evidence for similarities and differences are called:
standards of comparison
Placing the initials of the investigator an an article of evidence that is found or received at the crime scene is called:
marking
After the evidence container has been sealed, a label should be attached to the container bearing:
the identifying case information
A firearm should be marked on the frame and on any part that may leave an imprint on the bullet or cartridge case and is:
removable without tools
The effectiveness of an investigator is largely dependent on his ability to:
obtain information
The neighborhood canvass is usually carried out by:
a team of investigators
A background interview of a businessman or a representative of a large company would usually take place:
in the subjects office during office hours
In order to obtain the maximum amount of information in a routine criminal case, the investigator should schedule the interview:
whenever the subject has the leisure to devote his full attention to the matter.
On first meeting the subject of an interview, the investigator, in order to avoid any misunderstanding, should begin by:
showing his credentials and informing the subject of his identity.
“Would you care to sign this statement?” is a poorly formulated question because:
it suggest that a negative reply would be acceptable.
The intense preoccupation of _____ with themselves prevents them from being ideal witnesses.
young persons
In the interview with the _____, the investigator should convince him of his interests and complete cooperation in the case while privately forming an opinion of his reliability.
compainant
The _____ should be flattered. He should be permitted to talk freely and then questioned for details.
informant
Because the appearance of a notebook may instill excessive caution in the subject, the investigator must make a judgement as to when it should be used, depending on the _____ of the matter being discussed.
sensitivity
Proof of a waiver of rights by the accused may only take the form of:
an express statement
An individual enters a police station and states that he wishes to confess a crime. The police officer should:
write down his statement
______ required the state to furnish free legal counsel to poor defendants in all felony cases.
Gideon v Wainwright
_____ required the state to furnish free legal counsel to poor defendants whenever imprisonment is to be considered punishment.
Argesinger v Hamlin
The primary purpose for an interrogation is to obtain:
information that will further the investigation.
The interrogator must be able to impress his subject and inspire confidence:
because his personality commands respect.
the most important acquired characteristic of an interrogator is his:
general knowledge
As a man of integrity, the interrogator should:
only make promises he can keep.
One of the first lessons to be learned by an inexperienced investigator is the unfortunate ease in which he can:
loss control of the interrogation.
In detecting deception, the interrogator draws his conclusions not only from the inconsistencies and improbabilities in the subject’s statement but also from the _____ of the subject discernible in his features and mannerisms or in his unconscious behavior.
emotional reaction
Observed physiological changes in the subject, as in quickened heartbeat, a change in breathing, blushing, perspiring, and dryness of mouth, are usually consistent with a state of:
both nervousness and guilt
A questioning technique used by polygraph experts that involves a series of relevant (concerning the offense) and irrelevant (not concerning the event) questions mixed together in a planned order is called the _____ test.
general question
The Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) is a form of lie detector that is based on the principle that internal stress is reflected in the:
inaudible variations of the voice
