Fundamentals Of Biology

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

• 1:2:1 ration (C6 H12 O6)
• used to store energy for later (later) and structural materials for support/protection

Question 2

Proteins

Answer 2

Composed of amino acids (N, C, H, O)
Proteins make ups enzymes to be catalyze chemical reactions

Question 3

Lipids

Answer 3

Fats, oils and waxes, used for energy storage or insulation
Can be hydrophobic to keep water off fur or feathers
Lipid layer underneath skin for insulation
May be use for internal structure and found in some hormones

Question 4

ATP

Answer 4

Adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency

Question 5

ADP

Answer 5

Adenosine diphosphate is a high energy molecule stored through conversion to ATP with the addition of one phosphorus (synthesis)

Question 6

Autotrophs

Answer 6

Self feeding, use inorganic carbon sources to create organic compounds & energy
Ex photosynthesis

Question 7

Heterotrophs

Answer 7

Use organic carbon sources to create organic compounds & energy
E.g, predation

Question 8

Photosynthesis

Answer 8

Solar energy capture by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy, ATP. ATP used to make glucose which converted to other organic compounds

Question 9

Cellular Respiration

Answer 9

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and form of energy, waste carbon dioxide and water (humans)

Anaerobic respiration absence of oxygen, less effective but widespread

Question 10

Prokaryotic

Answer 10

Simple structure and lacks nucleus, flagellum for movement, single circular ring of DNA, respiration occurs in cell membrane
Ex bacteria and archaea

Question 11

Eukaryotic

Answer 11

Complex structure and nucleus holds DNA/directs cells actives, mitochondria site of cellular respiration, golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum packed/transport molecules to nearby cells, ribosome make proteins

Vacuole: storage of water and nutrients

Question 12

Diffusion

Answer 12

Move molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 13

Osmosis

Answer 13

Movement of water across the cell membrane

Question 14

Active transport

Answer 14

Proteins in the cell membrane pump material in the opposite direction to which they move by diffusion, requires energy ATP

Question 15

Osmoconformers

Answer 15

Keep their internal fluids concentration conforms to or is the same as their environment (become inline with the environment)

Question 16

Osmoregulator

Answer 16

Organism control their solute/water balance through active transport and generally tolerate a wider range of salinity

Question 17

Poikilotherms

Answer 17

Or cold blooded, organism that cannot regulate its body temperature except by behavioral means like basking or burrowing

Question 18

Homeotherms

Answer 18

Regulate body temperature so it stays constant to the external environment (sweat or shiver)

Question 19

Ectotherms

Answer 19

Most metabolic heat is rapidly lost to the environment, body temperature matches external temperature
All poikilotherms are ectotherms!

Question 20

Endotherms

Answer 20

Retain significant metabolic heat, internal temperature stays warmer than external temperature

Question 21

Asexual reproduction and methods

Answer 21

Offspring is a clone of a single parent

Fission: parent organisms divides into two new offspring of equal size

Budding: buds (small clones) develop that eventually break off

Vegetative (plants): new individuals grown from underground “runner”

Question 22

Sexual reproduction and methods

Answer 22

Internal fertilization: sperm instead directly into female, fewer gametes are required for success

External fertilization: occurs outside parents bodies, broadcast spawning and brooding are at each end of the spectrum

Question 23

Gonochorism

Answer 23

One sex per individual (all born female or all male)

Question 24

Hermaphroditism

Answer 24

Individual have male and female reproductive tissues either
Simultaneous or sequence

Question 25

Evolution and natural selection

Answer 25

The change in the genetic makeup of a population over time

Any gent

Question 26

Reproductive isolation

Answer 26

Population eventually produces different species regardless of phenotypic similarities. Individual may look different but are the same species if they can reproduce a viable offspring
E.g dogs of different breed

Question 27

Biological species concept

Answer 27

Individual of the same species that have the ability to breed successfully with other members of their species

Question 28

Phylogenetic

Answer 28

Study of evolutionary relationships (relatedness)
Related species share a common evolutionary history (phylogeny), meaning they evolved from common ancestral species