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Biological Psychology > Fundamentals of Biological Psychology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Biological Psychology Flashcards

Introduction

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1
Q

Nucleus of eukaryotic cells

A

Contains the DNA

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2
Q

Cell membranes

A

Lipid bilayer
Separates inside and outside of cells

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid inside a cell (but outside cell nucleus)
Chemical reactions take place here
Contains organelles

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4
Q

Neuron: Dendrites

A

Input zone
Receive information from other neurons

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5
Q

Neuron: Cell Body (soma)

A

Integration zone
Contains machinery of the cell

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6
Q

Neuron: Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty insulation around axons
Formed by glial cells
Speeds up transmission of signals along axons

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7
Q

Neuron: Axon

A

Conduction zone
Transmits information to other neurons, muscles, and glands
Length: mm for local connection, up to 1m for some motor neurons

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8
Q

Neuron: Axon Terminals

A

Output zone
Communicates cell’s activity to other cells at synapses
Contain synaptic vesicles where neurotransmitters are stored

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9
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

1 nerve process extending from cell body
An axon that extends into dendrites
Only occur in invertebrates

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10
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

2 extensions
1 axon & 1 dendrite
Many are specialised sensory neurons

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11
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

1 axon & many dendrites (and dendritic branches)
Allows for integration of information from other neurons

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

Short/no axon
Integrate neural activity within a single brain structure

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13
Q

Glial Cells: Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

Myelin

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14
Q

Glial Cells: Microglia (CNS)

A

Immune system responsibilities
Role in cell death, synapse formation, and synapse elimination

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15
Q

Glial cells: Astroglia (CNS)

A

Support and provide nourishment
Form blood-brain barrier
Establish and maintain synapses between neurons

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16
Q

Glial cells: Ependymal Cells (CNS)

A

Epithelial glial cells that develop along the surface of the ventricles of the brain and spinal canal
Play a critical role in cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis, brain metabolism, and clearance of waste from the brain

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17
Q

Glial Cells: Schwann Cells (PNS)

A

Myeline (compared to oligodendrocytes for CNS)
Trophic support (similar to astrocytes for CNS)

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18
Q

Glial Cells: Satellite Cells (PNS)

A

Trophic support
Maintain environment around neurons

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19
Q

Two Nervous Systems

A

CNS & PNS

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20
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain & Spinal Cord
Located within skull and spine

21
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Ganglia & Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Located outside the skull and spine

22
Q

Divisions of PNS

A

Somatic (SNS) - interaction with external environment
Autonomic (ANS) - regulatory system that controls internal organs
Enteric - intestines

23
Q

Somatic Division (PNS)

A

Sensory & Motor Neurons

24
Q

Autonomic Division (PNS)

A

Sensory and Motor Neurons

25
Q

Somatic Sensory Neurons (PNS)

A

Sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints TO CNS (AFFERENT)

26
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons (PNS)

A

Motor impulses FROM CNS to skeletal muscles (EFFERENT)

27
Q

Autonomic Sensory Neurons (PNS)

A

Sensory information from visceral organs TO CNS (AFFERENT)

28
Q

Autonomic Motor Neurons (PNS)

A

Motor impulses FROM CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (EFFERENT)

29
Q

Cranial Nerves (PNS)

A

Emerge from the brainstem
12 pairs:
I Olfactory - smell
II Optic - see
III Oculomotor - move and blink
IV Trochlear - move eyes
V Trigeminal - feel face, taste, move jaw
VI Abducens - move eyes
VII Facial - facial expressions, taste
VIII Vestibular - hearing and balance
IX Glossopharyngeal - taste and swallow
X Vagus - digestion and heart rate
XI Spinal Accessory - shoulder/neck muscle movements
XII Hypoglossal - tongue movement

30
Q

Plexuses (PNS)

A

Structures in which nerve fibres within spinal and cranial nerves are redistributed, without synapse, to form other peripheral nerves

31
Q

Peripheral Ganglia (PNS)

A

Structures outside the CNS where some nerve cell bodies are located

32
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (PNS)

A

Sympathetic - “fight-or-flight”
Parasympathetic - “rest and digest”

33
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Pupils dilate
Saliva inhibited
Airways dilate
Heart rate increases
Stomach inhibits digestion
Liver releases glucose
Intestines inhibit digestion
Kidneys release adrenaline
Bladder relaxes
Reproductive system decreases blood flow

34
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Pupils constrict
Salivation
Airways constrict
Heart rate slows
Stomach digests
Intestines digest
Bladder constricts
Reproductive system increases blood flow

35
Q

Brain (CNS)

A

The part of the CNS that fills the upper portion of the skull
Contains billions of interacting cells that integrate information from inside and outside the body

36
Q

Spinal Cord (CNS)

A

Cylindrical structure of nervous tissue uniformly organised
Divided into four regions:
Cervical (C)
Thoracic (T)
Lumbar (L)
Sacral (S)

37
Q

Forebrain

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

38
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

39
Q

Hindbrain

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon (medulla)
Pons
Cerebellum

40
Q

Hindbrain: Medulla

A

Attaches to the spinal cord
Controls unconscious functions e.g., breathing, maintaining muscle tone, regulation circulation

41
Q

Hindbrain: Pons

A

Includes bridge of fibres that connects brainstem with cerebellum
Regulates respiration, controls involuntary actions, regulates equilibrium, taste, facial sensations

42
Q

Hindbrain: Cerebellum

A

Large and deeply folded structure
Located adjacent to back surface of brain stem
Functions: fine movement, equilibrium, posture, motor learning
10% brain mass
50bn neurons
50% of all neurons in the brain
2 hemispheres connected by Vermis (worm)

43
Q

Midbrain: Mesencephalon

A

Segment of brainstem that lies between hindbrain and forebrain
2 sections:
Tectum (roof) - inferior colliculi (auditory) & superior colliculi (visual)
Tegmentum

44
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

A

Thalamus - “gateway to the cortex”, all sensory modalities make synaptic relays here
Hypothalamus - central organising structure for regulation of body’s homeostatic functions

45
Q

Forebrain: Telencephalon

A

Cerebrum - largest and uppermost portion of the brain
Cerebral hemispheres - right and left halves of cerebrum
Corpus callosum - bundle of nerve fibres that connect 2 hemispheres

46
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Consist of:
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
amygdala
hippocampus
Concerned with perceptual, motor, and cognitive functions (memory and emotion)

47
Q

Four Lobes of Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

48
Q

Landmarks of the Brain

A

Precentral gyrus - on surface of posterior frontal lobe
Rolandic (central) sulcus - separates frontal and parietal cortices
Lateral sulcus - deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe
Parieto-Occipital sulcus - separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe

49
Q

Hippocampus

A

slide 40 week 6

Biological Psychology (1 decks)

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