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S2 Case 2 - Diarrhoea > Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the targets in antimicrobial chemotherapy?

A

Kill or inhibit microbe
Bacteria cell wall

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2
Q

What is difference between Gram positive + Gram negative?

A

+ = thicker
= identified through staining

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3
Q

What is gram positive + gram negative cross-linked by?

A

Chain of peptidoglycan
= gives its strength

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4
Q

Describe structure of gram positive

A

Tightly cross-linked + interspersed with polysugarphosphates

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5
Q

Describe structure of gram negative

A

Relatively thin
Loosely crosslinked layer = less robust = easier to get through

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6
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycan?

A

Lipopolysaccharide + lipoprotein
= prevent large hydrophilic molecules from reaching target

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7
Q

What are the most important antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis?

A

Glycopeptides + β-lactams

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8
Q

What is bactericidal?

A

Kill bacteria

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9
Q

What is bacteriostatic?

A

Inhibit growth of reproduction

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10
Q

What are the different sources of antibiotics?

A

Microorganisms
Synthesis
Semisynthesis

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11
Q

What is semisynthesis?

A

Produced by microorganism then chemically synthesised

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12
Q

Describe penicillin
β-lactams

A

Natural + semisynthetic
Activity against gram positive + negative

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13
Q

What can some bacteria produce?

A

β-lactamase which may inactivate penicillin
= open β-lactam ring

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14
Q

What do all β-lactam antibiotics interfere with?

A

Final transpeptidation reaction that gives wall strength
= makes wall weak
= open to attack

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15
Q

What are examples of pencillins?

A

Amoxicillin
Flucloxacillin

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16
Q

Describe cephalosporins
β-lactams

A

Similar structure to penicillin
Can be modified to increase antibacterial activity
Modify to increase stability against β-lactamase

17
Q

What is an example of cephalosporins?

A

Cephalexin

18
Q

Describe clavams
β-lactams

A

Inhibits staphylococcal β-lactamase + gram negative β-lactamase
Combined with broad spectrum antibiotic

19
Q

Describe Rifamycins

A

Bactericidal
Against gram positive + negative

20
Q

What is an example of rifamycin?

A

Rifampicin

21
Q

Describe aminoglycosides

A

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
Range of side effects that are dose related

22
Q

What are examples of aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamicin
Tobramycin

23
Q

Describe macrolides

A

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
Spectrum of activity

24
Q

Why is it good that macrolides have a spectrum of activity?

A

Suitable for respiratory + soft-tissue disease

25
Q

What are examples of macrolides?

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin

26
Q

Describe tetracyclines

A

Broad spectrum against gram positive + negative
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

27
Q

What are the side effects of tetracyclines?

A

Chelate with Ca2+
= discolours teeth

28
Q

Describe glycopeptides

A

Active against gram positive
Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis
Used in life-threatening infections

29
Q

What is an example of glycopeptides?

A

Vancomycin

30
Q

What are examples of gram-positive bacteria?

A

MRSA
C.difficile

31
Q

Describe chloramphenicol

A

Broad spectrum bacteriostatic
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

32
Q

Describe fusidic acid

A

Topical
Against gram-positive

33
Q

Describe clindamycin

A

Against gram-positive cocci

34
Q

Describe mupirocin

A

Eradicating skin + nasal MRSA

35
Q

Describe Griseofulvin
Antifungal

A

Active against dermatophytic fungi
Orally
Deposits in deep layers of skin

36
Q

Describe polyenes
Antifungal

A

Oral thrush
Mucosal membranes

S2 Case 2 - Diarrhoea (12 decks)

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