Fundamentals of Anatomy Flashcards
What is the cerebrum?
- the largest part of the brain
- Controls all conscious thoughts & intellectual functions
- Processes somatic sensory & motor info
- Gray matter (in cerebral cortex & basal nuclei)
- White matter (deep to the cerebral cortex & around the basal nuclei)
What is basal nuclei?
- Are masses of gray matter
- Are embedded in white matter of cerebrum
- Direct subconscious activity
General Interpretive area can also be recognized as the?
“Wernicke’s area”
Where is the Wernicke’s area located?
The wernicke’s area is presents only in ONE hemisphere
(THE LEFT HEMISPHERE)
In which hemisphere it the Wernicke’s area generally located in?
The Wernicke’s area is generally present in the left hemisphere
What responsibility does the Wernicke’s area have?
- It’s responsible for receiving information from all sensory association areas
- Coordinates access to complex visual & auditory memories
What occurs when the wernicke’s is damaged?
The ability to interpret what is seen/heard
What are other integrative areas of the cerebrum?
- Broca’s area
- Prefrontal cortex
The Broca’s area (speech center) is associated with?
*THINK= BOCA
- Associated with general imperative area
- Coordinates all vocalization function
In the event where the Broca’s is damaged what can occur?
Individual’s speech can be impaired
Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe is responsible for?
- Integrating info from sensory association areas
- Performs abstract intellectual activities (predicting consequences of actions)
What does damage to the prefrontal cortex do to the individual?
The damage affects temporal relationships between events
The prefrontal cortex is also important in creating
Extensive connections with other cortical areas.
Severe strokes can cause which neurological disorder?
Global aphasia
(disorder that affects the ability to speak or read)
Global aphasia is caused by?
Damage to the speech and general interpretive area.
The left hemisphere contains which areas?
The specialized language area
The prefrontal cortex of each hemisphere is involved with?
Conscious intellectual functions
Motor, sensory, and association areas of the cerebral cortex?
The frontal lobe main functions
Primary motor cortex Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Parietal lobe
Primary sensory cortex
Conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, tast, and temperature.
Occipital lobe
Visual cortex
Conscious perception of visual stimuli
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex and olfactory cortex
Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli.
ALL LOBES
Association areas
Integration & processing of sensory data; processing and initiation of motor activities.
What are the functions of the Basal nuclei?
Involved with:
1. Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone
2. The coordination of learned movement patterns (walking/lifting)
TRUE/ FALSE:
Does the basal nuclei initiate walking? If no explain why.
The basal nuclei DOES NOT initiate walking, BUT it does control arm/thigh movement, and adjust muscle tones.
Which structures are found in the cerebrum?
- Gyri (neural cortex)
- Longitudinal fissure
- Lobes
- Central sulcus
- Lateral sulcus
- Parieto-occipital sulcus
Gyri (function)
Increases surface area (# of cortical neurons)
Longitudinal fissure
Separate cerebral hemispheres
Lobes (functions)
Divisions of hemispheres
Central sulcus (function)
Divides anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobes
Lateral sulcus (function)
Divides frontal lobe from temporal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Divides parietal lobe from occipital lobe.
What are the 3 functional principles of the cerebrum?
- Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory informations from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite of the body
- The two hemispheres have different functions, although their structures are alike
- Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise.
What is the white matter of the cerebrum?
- Association fibers
- Commissural fibers
- Projection fibers
Association fibers (WM)
Function:
Connections within one hemisphere
Commissural fiber (WM)
What?
Bands of fibers connecting TWO hemisphere
*Corpus callosum
Projection fiber
connect cerebrum w/ lower areas
Pass through diencephalon
**Link cerebral cortex with:
diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
Special sensory cortexes
- Visual cortex (occipital lobe)
- Auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
- Olfactory cortex (temporal lobe)
- Gustatory cortex (Frontal lobe
Visual cortex (occipital lobe)
Information from sight receptors (photoreceptors)
Auditory cortex (temporal)
Information from sound receptors
Olfactory cortex
Information from odor receptors
Gustatory Cortex (think gustavo from ratatouille)
Information from taste receptors.
Sensory association areas
Monitor & interpret arriving information at sensory areas of cortx
Somatic sensory association area
Interprets input to the primary sensory cortex
(anything that recognizes & responds to touch)
Visual association area
Interprets activity in visual cortex
Auditory association
monitors auditory cortex
Somatic motor association areas (premotor cortex)
- Coordinates motor responses (learned movements)
- Issues commands to the primary motor cortex
What separates the motor and sensory areas of the cortex?
The central sulcus separates between motor and sensory areas
List what makes up the motor areas of the cortex
- Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex of frontal lobe)
-Directs voluntary movements
What makes up the sensory area of the cortex?
Is the postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex of the parietal lobe)
- Receives somatic sensory info (touch, pain
