Fundamentals of Anaphy Flashcards
scientific studu of the body’s structures
Human Anatomy
anatomy is a Greek word that means?
to cut apart
how was human anatomy first studied?
by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries
what is the study of the larger strictures of the body without the aid of magnification?
macroscopic anatomy
macroanatomy can also be called as
gross anatomy
the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices
microscopic anatomy
an example of macroscopic anatomy
the brain
an example of microscopic anatomy
nerve cells from the brain
the studu of the interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region
regional anatomy
helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures
regional anatomy
the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system
systemic anatomy
studies a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function
systemic anatomy
anatomy is about
structure
physiology is about
function
the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life
Human physiology
this study centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis
physiology
the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
homeostasis
includes observation both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements
the study of physiology
what is the structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of orgnization that increase in complexity?
in order
subatomic particles
atom
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
biosphere
in this level, atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures
chemical level
in this level, a variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell
cellular level
in this level, a community of similar cells form a body tissue
tissue level
in this level, two or more different tissues combine to form an organ
organ level
in this level, two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system
organ system level
in this level, many organ system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism
organismal level
what are the simplest building blocks of matter?
subatomic particles
atoms
molecules
the smallest independently functiong unit of a living organism
cell
a human cell that typically consists of flexible membrames that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units
organelles
what perform all functions of life?
cells
a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
tissue
an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types
organ
each of these performs one or more specific physiological functions
organ
a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body
organ system
encloses internal body structure
integumentary system
site of many sensory receptors
integumentary system
supports the body
skeletal system
enables movement with muscular system
skeletal system
enables movement with skeletal system
muscular system
helps maintain body temperature
muscular system
detects and processes sensory information
nervous system
activates bodily responses
nervous system
secretes hormones
endocrine system
regulates bodily processes
endocrine system
delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
cardiovascular system
equalizes temperature in the body
cardiovascular system
returns fluid to blood
lymphatic system
defens against pathogens
lymphatic system
removes carbon dioxide from the body
respiratory system
delivers oxygen to the blood
respiratory system
processes food for use by the body
digestive system
removes wastes from undigesting food
digestive system
controls water balance in the body
urinary system
removes wastes from blood and excretes them
urinary system
for males, this produces sex hormones and gametes
male reproductive system
delivers gametes to female
male reproductive system
for females, this produces sex hormones and gametes
female reproductive system
supports embryo/fetus until birth
female reproductive system
produces milk for infants
female reproductive system
the highest level of organization
organism level
a living being that has a cellular strucute and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
organism
including human cells, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism
multicellular organism
what are the five functions of human life
- organization
- metabolism
- responsiveness
- movement
- development, growth, and reproduction
human body consists of trillions of cells organized in a way that maintains distinct internal compartments
organization
these compartments keep body cells separated from external environmental threats and keep the cells moist and nourished
organization
basic function as an organism is to consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods you eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain your body functions, and build and maintain your body structures
metabolism
two types of metabolsim
anabolism
catabolism
the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances
anabolism
your body can assemble by UTILIZING energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat.
anabolism
process by which larger more complex susbtances are BROKEN DOWN into smaller simpler molecules
catabolism
a type of metabolism that releases energy
Catabolism
a type of metabolism that intakes or uses energy
Anabolism
the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body
metabolism
these occur simultaneously and continuously to keep you alive
anabolism and catabolism
the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its external and internal environments
responsiveness
includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells
movement
all of the changes the body goes through in life
development
the increase in body size
growth
the formation of a new organism from parent organisms.
reproduction
key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive
oxygen
what are the requirements for human life
- oxygen
- nutrients
- narrow range of temperature
- homeostasis
a susbtance in foods and beverages that os essential to human survival
nutrients
what are the three basic classes of nutrients?
water
energy-yielding
body-building nutrients
micronutrients which are vitamins and minerals
just below to just above 37°C (98.6°F)
narrow range of temperature
requires that the body continuously monitor its internal conditions
homeostasis
balance
homeostasis
the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable
normal range
made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes
anatomical terms
what refers to an organ, tissue, or condition
root
often describes the root
prefix or suffix
meaning of “hyper-“
high or over
what is “hyper-“
prefix
meaning of “tension”
pressure
what is “tension”
root word
the word for abnormally high blood pressure?
hypertension
anterior view
harap, in front
posterior view
likod, the back
what is prone or supine
a body that is lying down
prone describes -
a face-down orientation or naka dapa
supine describes -
a face-up orientation, or nakahiga
prone and supine are sometimes used when
describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures
right lateral recumbent
nakatagilid while facing right
fowler’s
naka upo but on a 70° angle
left lateral recumbent
nakatagilid while facing left
trendelenburg
nakahiga while feet are higher than the head
(a) forehead
frons or frontal
(a) skull
cranium or cranial
(a) face
facies or facial
(a) mouth
oris or oral
(a) chin
mentis or mental
(a) armpit
axilla or axiallary
(a) arm
brachium or brachial
(a) front of elbow
antecubitis or antebrachial
(a) wrist
carpus or carpal
(a) thumb
pollex
(a) palm
palma or palmar
(a) fingers
digits, phalanges, phalangeal
(a) kneecap
patella or patellar
(a) leg
crus or crural
(a) ankle
tarsus or tarsal
(a) toes
digits, phalanges, or phalangeal
(a) great toe
hallux
(a) foot
pes or pedal
(a) thigh
femur or femoral
(a) pubic
pubis
(a) groin
inguen or inguinal
(a) pelvis
pelvic
(a) hip
coxal
(a) navel
umbilicus or umbilical
(a) abdominal
abdomen
(a) breast
mamma or mammary
(a) chest
thorcis, thorax, or thoracic
(a) neck
cervicis or cervical
(a) nose
nasus or nasal
(a) ear
auris or otic
(a) cheek
bucca or buccal
(a) eye
oculus, orbital, or ocular
thorcis or thorax, mamma, abdomen, umbilicus, and hip is the___
trunk
(p) shoulder
acromial
(p) back
dorsum or dorsal
(p) arm
brachium or brachial
(p) back of elbow
olecranon or olecranal
(p) loin
lumbus or lumbar
(p) sacrum
sacral
(p) forearm
antebrachium or antebrachial
(p) hand
manus or manual
(p) buttock
gluteus or gluteal
(p) thigh
femir or femoral
(p) back of the knee
popliteus or popliteal
(p) calf
sura or sural
(p) heel of foot
calcaneus or calacaneal
(p) sole
planta or plantar
(p) neck
cervicis or cervical
(p) head
cephalon cephalic
terms that are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structure
directional terms
anterior or ventral
describes the front or direction towards the front of the body.
posterior or dorsal
describes the back or direction towards the back of the body
superior or cranial
above or higher than another part of the body
inferior or caudal
a position below or lower than another part of the body
lateral
the side or direction towards the side of the body
medial
the middle or direction towards the middle of the body
proximal
nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
distal
farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
superficial
closer to the surface of the body
deep
position farther from the surface of the body
toward the belly (front)
ventral or anterior
toward the back
dorsal or posterior
toward the nose
rostral
toward the tail
caudal or inferior
toward the top of the head/body
superior
away from the middle: to the sides
lateral
towards the middle
medial
on both sides
bilateral
on the same side
ipsilateral
on the opposite side
contralateral
two dimensional surface of a three dimensional structure that has been cut
a section
plane that divdies the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides
sagittal plane
vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body
midsagittal or median plane
divides the body into inequal right and left sides
parasaggital plane or a longitudinal section
plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior and posterior portion
frontal plane
often reffered to as a coronal plane
frontal plane
