Fundamentals of Anaphy Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
scientific studu of the body’s structures
A
Human Anatomy
2
Q
anatomy is a Greek word that means?
A
to cut apart
3
Q
how was human anatomy first studied?
A
by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries
4
Q
what is the study of the larger strictures of the body without the aid of magnification?
A
macroscopic anatomy
5
Q
macroanatomy can also be called as
A
gross anatomy
6
Q
the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices
A
microscopic anatomy
7
Q
an example of macroscopic anatomy
A
the brain
8
Q
an example of microscopic anatomy
A
nerve cells from the brain
9
Q
the studu of the interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region
A
regional anatomy
10
Q
helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures
A
regional anatomy
11
Q
the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system
A
systemic anatomy
12
Q
studies a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function
A
systemic anatomy
13
Q
anatomy is about
A
structure
14
Q
physiology is about
A
function
15
Q
the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life
A
Human physiology
16
Q
this study centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis
A
physiology
17
Q
the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
A
homeostasis
18
Q
includes observation both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements
A
the study of physiology
19
Q
what is the structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of orgnization that increase in complexity?
in order
A
subatomic particles
atom
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
biosphere
20
Q
in this level, atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures
A
chemical level
21
Q
in this level, a variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell
A
cellular level
22
Q
in this level, a community of similar cells form a body tissue
A
tissue level
23
Q
in this level, two or more different tissues combine to form an organ
A
organ level
24
Q
in this level, two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system
A
organ system level
25
in this level, many organ system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism
organismal level
26
what are the simplest building blocks of matter?
subatomic particles
atoms
molecules
27
the smallest independently functiong unit of a living organism
cell
28
a human cell that typically consists of flexible membrames that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units
organelles
29
what perform all functions of life?
cells
30
a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
tissue
31
an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types
organ
32
each of these performs one or more specific physiological functions
organ
33
a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body
organ system
34
encloses internal body structure
integumentary system
35
site of many sensory receptors
integumentary system
36
supports the body
skeletal system
37
enables movement with muscular system
skeletal system
38
enables movement with skeletal system
muscular system
39
helps maintain body temperature
muscular system
40
detects and processes sensory information
nervous system
41
activates bodily responses
nervous system
42
secretes hormones
endocrine system
43
regulates bodily processes
endocrine system
44
delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
cardiovascular system
45
equalizes temperature in the body
cardiovascular system
46
returns fluid to blood
lymphatic system
47
defens against pathogens
lymphatic system
48
removes carbon dioxide from the body
respiratory system
49
delivers oxygen to the blood
respiratory system
50
processes food for use by the body
digestive system
51
removes wastes from undigesting food
digestive system
52
controls water balance in the body
urinary system
53
removes wastes from blood and excretes them
urinary system
54
for males, this produces sex hormones and gametes
male reproductive system
55
delivers gametes to female
male reproductive system
56
for females, this produces sex hormones and gametes
female reproductive system
57
supports embryo/fetus until birth
female reproductive system
58
produces milk for infants
female reproductive system
59
the highest level of organization
organism level
60
a living being that has a cellular strucute and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
organism
61
including human cells, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism
multicellular organism
62
what are the five functions of human life
1. organization
2. metabolism
3. responsiveness
4. movement
5. development, growth, and reproduction
63
human body consists of trillions of cells organized in a way that maintains distinct internal compartments
organization
64
these compartments keep body cells separated from external environmental threats and keep the cells moist and nourished
organization
65
basic function as an organism is to consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods you eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain your body functions, and build and maintain your body structures
metabolism
66
two types of metabolsim
anabolism
catabolism
67
the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances
anabolism
68
your body can assemble by UTILIZING energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat.
anabolism
69
process by which larger more complex susbtances are BROKEN DOWN into smaller simpler molecules
catabolism
70
a type of metabolism that releases energy
Catabolism
71
a type of metabolism that intakes or uses energy
Anabolism
72
the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body
metabolism
73
these occur simultaneously and continuously to keep you alive
anabolism and catabolism
74
the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its external and internal environments
responsiveness
75
includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells
movement
76
all of the changes the body goes through in life
development
77
the increase in body size
growth
78
the formation of a new organism from parent organisms.
reproduction
79
key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive
oxygen
80
what are the requirements for human life
1. oxygen
2. nutrients
3. narrow range of temperature
4. homeostasis
81
a susbtance in foods and beverages that os essential to human survival
nutrients
82
what are the three basic classes of nutrients?
water
energy-yielding
body-building nutrients
micronutrients which are vitamins and minerals
83
just below to just above 37°C (98.6°F)
narrow range of temperature
84
requires that the body continuously monitor its internal conditions
homeostasis
85
balance
homeostasis
86
the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable
normal range
87
made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes
anatomical terms
88
what refers to an organ, tissue, or condition
root
89
often describes the root
prefix or suffix
90
meaning of "hyper-"
high or over
91
what is "hyper-"
prefix
92
meaning of "tension"
pressure
93
what is "tension"
root word
94
the word for abnormally high blood pressure?
hypertension
95
anterior view
harap, in front
96
posterior view
likod, the back
97
what is prone or supine
a body that is lying down
98
prone describes -
a face-down orientation or naka dapa
99
supine describes -
a face-up orientation, or nakahiga
100
prone and supine are sometimes used when
describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures
101
right lateral recumbent
nakatagilid while facing right
102
fowler's
naka upo but on a 70° angle
103
left lateral recumbent
nakatagilid while facing left
104
trendelenburg
nakahiga while feet are higher than the head
105
(a) forehead
frons or frontal
106
(a) skull
cranium or cranial
107
(a) face
facies or facial
108
(a) mouth
oris or oral
109
(a) chin
mentis or mental
110
(a) armpit
axilla or axiallary
111
(a) arm
brachium or brachial
112
(a) front of elbow
antecubitis or antebrachial
113
(a) wrist
carpus or carpal
114
(a) thumb
pollex
115
(a) palm
palma or palmar
116
(a) fingers
digits, phalanges, phalangeal
117
(a) kneecap
patella or patellar
118
(a) leg
crus or crural
119
(a) ankle
tarsus or tarsal
120
(a) toes
digits, phalanges, or phalangeal
121
(a) great toe
hallux
122
(a) foot
pes or pedal
123
(a) thigh
femur or femoral
124
(a) pubic
pubis
125
(a) groin
inguen or inguinal
126
(a) pelvis
pelvic
127
(a) hip
coxal
128
(a) navel
umbilicus or umbilical
129
(a) abdominal
abdomen
130
(a) breast
mamma or mammary
131
(a) chest
thorcis, thorax, or thoracic
132
(a) neck
cervicis or cervical
133
(a) nose
nasus or nasal
134
(a) ear
auris or otic
135
(a) cheek
bucca or buccal
136
(a) eye
oculus, orbital, or ocular
137
thorcis or thorax, mamma, abdomen, umbilicus, and hip is the___
trunk
138
(p) shoulder
acromial
139
(p) back
dorsum or dorsal
140
(p) arm
brachium or brachial
141
(p) back of elbow
olecranon or olecranal
142
(p) loin
lumbus or lumbar
143
(p) sacrum
sacral
144
(p) forearm
antebrachium or antebrachial
145
(p) hand
manus or manual
146
(p) buttock
gluteus or gluteal
147
(p) thigh
femir or femoral
148
(p) back of the knee
popliteus or popliteal
149
(p) calf
sura or sural
150
(p) heel of foot
calcaneus or calacaneal
151
(p) sole
planta or plantar
152
(p) neck
cervicis or cervical
153
(p) head
cephalon cephalic
154
terms that are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structure
directional terms
155
anterior or ventral
describes the front or direction towards the front of the body.
156
posterior or dorsal
describes the back or direction towards the back of the body
157
superior or cranial
above or higher than another part of the body
158
inferior or caudal
a position below or lower than another part of the body
159
lateral
the side or direction towards the side of the body
160
medial
the middle or direction towards the middle of the body
161
proximal
nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
162
distal
farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
163
superficial
closer to the surface of the body
164
deep
position farther from the surface of the body
165
toward the belly (front)
ventral or anterior
166
toward the back
dorsal or posterior
167
toward the nose
rostral
168
toward the tail
caudal or inferior
169
toward the top of the head/body
superior
170
away from the middle: to the sides
lateral
171
towards the middle
medial
172
on both sides
bilateral
173
on the same side
ipsilateral
174
on the opposite side
contralateral
175
two dimensional surface of a three dimensional structure that has been cut
a section
176
plane that divdies the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides
sagittal plane
177
vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body
midsagittal or median plane
178
divides the body into inequal right and left sides
parasaggital plane or a longitudinal section
179
plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior and posterior portion
frontal plane
180
often reffered to as a coronal plane
frontal plane
