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PPL - air navigation and flight planning > Fundamentals of Air Navigation > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Air Navigation Flashcards

1
Q

Earths shape

A

Oblate spheroid

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2
Q

Direction of earth rotation

A

Anticlockwise

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3
Q

The axis of earth rotation

A

Polar axis (axis going through geographic poles)

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4
Q

Geographic poles

A

True north and south poles which don’t move

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5
Q

Magnetic poles

A

Points where the earth’s magnetic field enter and exit, they are moving points, currently lying in northern Canada and near the coast of Antarctica

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6
Q

Equator

A

Imaginary line on the earth’s surface, with equal distance to the N and S pole, it is a great circle

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7
Q

Great circle

A

Intersection of a sphere and a plane that passes through the centre point of a sphere, dividing the sphere into 2 equal halfs

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8
Q

Parallels of lattitude

A

Imaginary lines around the earth that are parallel to the equatot that connect points of equal lattitude (measured in degrees, minutes and seconds)

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9
Q

1 degree of lattitude = ___nm

A

60nm

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10
Q

1 minute = ___nm

A

1nm

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11
Q

Meridians of longitude

A

Imaginary lines connecting equal points of longitude (measured in degrees, minutes and seconds)

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12
Q

Greenwhich (prime) meridian

A

The meridian that sits at 0 degrees longitude

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13
Q

Lattitude/longitude

A

Geographic co-ordinates that enable locations on earth to be specified using in degrees, minutes and seconds

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14
Q

360° method of indicating direction

A

Compass rose method of indicating and to measure direction from true north

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15
Q

Earths magnetic field

A

Earth is effectively a large magnet and as such has a magnetic field allinging itself to lines of flux (magnetic field lines), the lines are vertical at the poles and horizontal at the equator

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16
Q

True north

A

Place on earth where the axis of rotation enters the earth in the northern hemisphere

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17
Q

Magentic north

A

Place of earth where lines of magentic flux enter the earth in the northern hemisphere

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18
Q

Compass north

A

The north direction indicated by the compass (its not the same as magentic north due to comapss errors caused by manafacturing, electrical and magnetic interference)

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19
Q

360° =

A

N

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20
Q

180° =

A

S

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21
Q

270° =

A

W

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22
Q

090° =

A

E

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23
Q

045° =

A

NE

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24
Q

135° =

A

SE

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25
Q

315° =

A

NW

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26
Q

225° =

A

SW

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27
Q

True direction

A

The direction between 2 points in relation to true north

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28
Q

Magnetic direction

A

The direction of 2 points in realtion to magnetic north (or direction in °true corrected for magentic variation)

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29
Q

Compass direction

A

Track measured on chart corrected for magnetic variation and compass deviation

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30
Q

Magnetic variation

A

The angular difference between true and magentic north which changes regulary

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31
Q

Magnetic dip

A

The angle between the earths surface and the earths magnetic field lines (magnetic field lines are not always parallel to the earths surface)

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32
Q

Isogonal

A

Line on chart that joins areas of equal magnetic variation

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33
Q

Compass deviation

A

The difference between what the compass indicates compared to actual magnetic direction (deviation card shows deviation corrections)

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34
Q

True bearing

A

The direction of a track between 2 points as measured on a chart and measures against true north

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35
Q

Magnetic bearing

A

The direction of a track between 2 points corrected for magnetic variation

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36
Q

Compass bearing

A

The magnetic bearing corrected for compass deviation

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37
Q

Relative bearing

A

The bearing of an object referenced from the nose of the aircraft (nose = 360°, tail = 180°)

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38
Q

Statute mile = ___ ft

A

5280ft

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39
Q

Nautical mile = ___ ft

A

6080ft

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40
Q

Km = ___ ft

A

3280ft

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41
Q

m = ___ ft

A

3.37ft

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42
Q

ft = ___ m

A

0.305m

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43
Q

1nm = ___ km

A

1.852km

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44
Q

1sm = ___ km

A

1.61km

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45
Q

1sm = ___ nm

A

0.87nm

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46
Q

1km = ___ nm

A

0.54nm

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47
Q

1km = ___ sm

A

0.621sm

48
Q

1nm = ___ sm

A

1.151sm

49
Q

kt

A

knot, the standard unit for aircraft speed it is equal to 1nm/h

50
Q

GS

A

Ground speed, the speed of an aircraft relative to the ground, measured in kts

51
Q

IAS

A

indicated airspeed, the airspeed displayed on the airspeed indictor, the aerodynamic speed of the aircraft

52
Q

CAS

A

calibrated airspeed, the indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and pressure (position error)

53
Q

TAS

A

True airspeed, calibrated airspeed corrected for differences in pressure and temperature density. It tells us how quickly we are actually moving through the air

54
Q

Difference between speed and velocity

A

Velocity is speed and direction, whilst speed is just how fast something is moving (no direction of movement given)

55
Q

Ground position

A

determining where you are on the ground, e.g. next to a major landmark

56
Q

DR positioning

A

position calculated by dead reckoning (flying a bearing or direction for a period of time and using ground speed to figure out where the aircraft will be)

57
Q

Fix

A

position of aircraft at a given time determined using reference to ground features or navigation aids (e.g. overhead a township)

58
Q

Position line

A

A line on which the aircraft is known to be at a specified time. Could be an actual or imaginary line.

59
Q

Ways to reference position

A

Using a place name, Using bearing and distance from a place name, using latitude/longitude geographic coordinates, using relative bearing + clock face method

60
Q

Height

A

Vertical distance above a specified datum

61
Q

Altitude

A

Vertical distance above mean sea level

62
Q

MSL

A

Mean sea level, used to measure altitude

63
Q

Ground level

A

Datum for height (varies depending on height of ground)

64
Q

AGL

A

Above ground level

65
Q

Elevation

A

Used to describe the distance of an object above MSL

66
Q

PA

A

Pressure altitude, the altitude in the ISA with the sane pressure as the current prevailing pressure

67
Q

QNH

A

Sea level pressure

68
Q

Effects of a change in MSL pressure on altimeter reading

A

High to low look out below. if travelling from high to low pressure the altimeter will read higher

69
Q

Effects of a change in temp on altimeter reading

A

If temp is warmer then ISA then altimeter under reads meaning you are actually higher then indicated

70
Q

Altimeter setting above FL150

A

1013.2

71
Q

Altimeter setting at or below 13,000ft

A

Area or aerodrome QNH

72
Q

Altimeter setting between 13,000ft and FL150

A

Area QNH advised by ATC

73
Q

Altimeter setting when ascending above FL150

A

1013.2

74
Q

Altimeter setting when descending through FL150

A

Set appropriate area/aerodrome QNH

75
Q

True track required

A

The path we plan to fly between 2 points measured off a chart

76
Q

Magnetic track required

A

True track with magnetic variation applied

77
Q

W/V

A

Wind velocity, the speed and direction the wind is blowing from, it is written as a 5 figure digit group, the first 3 digits are true/magnetic direction and the last 2 digits are speed

78
Q

Headwind

A

Wind on the nose, decreases GS

79
Q

Tailwind

A

Wind on the tail, increases GS

80
Q

Crosswind

A

Wind coming from either left or right of aircraft pushing it off the track required

81
Q

True heading (TH)

A

Heading in relation to geographic poles, the track is corrected for W/V and the resulting drift. We can resolve the triangle of velocities to find it using our navigation computers

82
Q

Magnetic heading

A

true heading corrected for magnetic variation

83
Q

Compass heading

A

magnetic heading corrected for compass deviation

84
Q

Drift

A

The correction we apply to our track to allow for any crosswind, drift is the angular difference between our heading and our track.

85
Q

Port drift

A

pushes the aircraft left

86
Q

Starboard drift

A

pushes the aircraft right

87
Q

planned drift

A

calculated using navigation computer

88
Q

Actual drift

A

Is drift we actually experience

89
Q

TMG

A

Track make good, the track the aircraft travels across the surface of the earth (expressed in degrees true or degrees magnetic, in flight adjustments can be made)

90
Q

Port

A

Left-hand side of the ship

91
Q

Starboard

A

Right-hand side of the ship

92
Q

Wind correction

A

The amount of degrees that the aircrafts nose is pointed into the wind. It is the same but opposite to drift

93
Q

Wind correction angle

A

The angle you must allow for drift so that you will maintain your planned flight

94
Q

Deduced (dead) reckoning

A

Having flown a leg we are able to ascertain GS (e.g. if it takes 15mins to cover 30nm then using a nav computer we can work out that GS is 120kt, this allows us to calculate how long it will take to get us to the next checkpoint

95
Q

TE

A

track error, the angle between the required track and the track made good

96
Q

CA

A

Closing angle, the additional angle or correction which must be made above the TE to regain track (is only TE is applied we will parallel track)

97
Q

ETD

A

estimated time of departure, the time that we estimate we will be departing

98
Q

ATD

A

Actual time of departure

99
Q

EET

A

Estimated elapsed time, the estimated time flown on each leg

100
Q

ATA

A

The actual time of arrival

101
Q

Date/time group

A

Six figure system - dd/hh/mm

102
Q

UTC

A

Coordinated universal time (standard time used in aviation)

103
Q

NZST

A

NZST is 12 hours ahead of UTC

104
Q

NZDT

A

NZDT is 13 hours ahead of UTC

105
Q

Conversion between ETD/ETA and UTC

A

Subtract 12 hours if NZST and subtract 13 hours if NZDT. NZDT starts on the Sunday of September and ends the first Sunday of April.

106
Q

Sunrise

A

The exact time when the upper limb (top) of the sun is first visible on the horizon

107
Q

Sunset

A

The exact time when the upper limb of the sun is no longer visible on the horizon (gone below the horizon)

108
Q

Daylight

A

Period between MCT and ECT

109
Q

Twilight

A

Periods where there is light before sunrise and light after sunset

110
Q

MCT

A

Morning civil twilight, starts when the center of the sun is 6° below the horizon before sunrise and ends at sunrise

111
Q

ECT

A

Evening civil twilight, starts and sunset and ends when the center of the sun is 6° below the horizon after sunset

112
Q

What factors effect times of sunrise and sunset (duration of daylight)

A
  • seasons: during summer sunset is later and sunrise is earlier, there is minimal change in times at equator and a large change at poles
  • latitude: because earths axis of rotation is inclined different locations along the meridian receive different amounts of sunlight
113
Q

Factors that effect duration of twilight

A

Twilight is longer in the south than in the north (because sun rises at a more oblique angle to the earth then the tropics, meaning it traverses through the 6° slower)

114
Q

Factors that affect daylight conditions

A
  • Altitude: the higher up you are, the shorter the nights and the longer the days
  • Atmospheric conditions: cloud/smog make it appear darker
  • Obstructions: mountains limit daylight
115
Q

How do you find out MCT or ECT

A

Look at AIP Gen 2.7-1 map and table to find out what zone and the MCT/ECT associated with the zone, estimate well if the date is in-between table dates. Convert to appropriate time as the table in UTC

116
Q

Chart scale

A

The ratio of a given chart length to the actual distance on earth that it represents.

117
Q

Scale

A

Chart length/earth distance

PPL - air navigation and flight planning (2 decks)

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