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fundamentals exam 2 > fundamentals exam 2 > Flashcards

fundamentals exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacokinetics & why is it important for nurses?

A

study of what the BODY DOES TO THE DRUG

It is important for nurses to understand:
- Timing of medication administration
- Selecting the route of administration
- Evaluating a patient’s response
- How body reacts to a drug
- Helps assess the patient to suggest one medication over another

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2
Q

Principles of ADME

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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3
Q

What would you do if a client has a known drug allergy and the provider prescribes a medication that they are allergic to?

A

Hold the medication & talk to the provider

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4
Q

What would you do if a client asked for a medication and it is not in the MAR?

A

Do not adminster the medication
Speak to the provider

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5
Q

What are common medication administration parameters and what would you do if you are giving medications at 0800, the MAR says “hold if pulse is less than 60 bpm” for this drug and your assessment reveals that the client pulse is 48?

A

The common medication administration parameters are usually certain vital signs

If patient does not meet those parameters, the drug will be held

I will hold the drug because their pulse is lower than 60

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6
Q

What is STAT order & when is it given?

A

STAT order is immediately

It is given within 30 minutes of the time it is ordered

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7
Q

7 Rights of medication adminstration

A

Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Documentation
Right Route
Right Reason
Right Time
Right Patient

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8
Q

Do we all experience & express pain in the same way?

A

We do not

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9
Q

What is tolerance?

A

body gets used to the drug so that either more drug is needed or a different is needed

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10
Q

What is dependence?

A

Use of drug continues even when significant problems have occured

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11
Q

What is withdraw?

A

physical and mental symptoms that a person has when they suddenly stop the use of drug

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12
Q

What is addiction?

A

a chronic, relasping disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use

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13
Q

What are general types of medication for pain management & what is the nurses’ role with giving pain medication?

A

pain relievers, NSAIDS, nonopioids, opioids, Acetaminophen

Nurses manage the patients pain through assessment, intervention
Monitor side effects, determine patients ability to self adminster

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14
Q

How would you know if a pain medication is effective?

A

Symptoms become less severe
Patient stating pain level is decreased

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15
Q

When would you reassess pain after giving oral medication

A

After 30 minutes to an hour

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16
Q

What things do nurses teach patients about use of medications for pain control?

A

Take meds at prescribed time and w/ food
Can cause constipation (increase fluid and fiber intake)
Maintaining wellness habits
Nonpharmacological pain-relief interventions
Side effects
Right dose for your pain

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17
Q

How do we assess pain?

A

Use the pain scale
Use OLDCART

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18
Q

What are some interventions for managing pain?

A

Medication
Ice
Physical therapy
Relaxing

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19
Q

What are some complications of oral pain medications?

A

Respiratory depression
Constipation

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20
Q

Patient vital signs with pain:

A

Vital signs will be increased

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21
Q

PCA pump:(patient-controlled analgesia)

A

Family cannot use the pump
Patient must understand how to use it

22
Q

Risk for fall:

A

Mobility issues
Incontinence
Old / weak
Bad balance
Hazards
Medications - any medication that makes you drowsy, muscle relaxants, Antipsychotic

23
Q

Risk factor for skin breakdown:

A

Immobility
Poor nutrition / fluid intake
Incontinence
Bedrest all the time
Unconscious

24
Q

Pressure injury

A

Unintended
Immobility causes them

25
Q

Surgical wound

A

Intended

26
Q

Stages of pressure wounds

A

Stage 1
Red doesn’t go away
Skin intact
Move them to get it off the pressure

Stage 2
Loose the top of skin loss
Kinda looks like a blister

Stage 3:
More deeper skin loss

Stage 4:
Down to muscle and bones
Full thickness of skin loss

27
Q

Interventions for pressure wounds:

A

Repositioning the patients
Good hygiene
Good fluid / nutritional intake

28
Q

Outcome for pressure wound:

A

Healing
Improvement

29
Q

Signs wound is healing:

A

Smaller
Granulation tissue - pink tissue
The skin comes together

30
Q

If there is necrotic tissue in the wound bed how could it be treated?

A

Debridement (removing the necrotic tissue)

Antibiotics are part of the treatment

Wound care is needed

Surgically removed, prevents wound from healing

31
Q

Know the phases of wound healing what you would see on assessment in each phase. What things would you see to indicate the wound is healing?

A

Hemostasis- stage that controls blood loss, bacterial control
Injured blood vessels constrict & platelets gather
Clot formation occurs

Inflammatory phase:
Inflammation or redness at the wound site, edema, heat, and pain.

Proliferative phase
Reconstruction progress, takes 3-24 days
Filling granulation tissue in wound, fibroblast and collagen are present
Vascular bed reestablishes, contraction, surface repaired

Maturation- collagen scars regain strength- in serious cases can take up year

Remodeling stage
Fewer pigmented cells (melanocytes)
Lighter skin area than the rest
Unless on a darker pigmented skin, then that area will be highly pigmented than surrounding tissue

Healthy granulation tissue is pink in color would indicate the wound is healing

32
Q

3 common urinary problems

A

urinary retention: unable to empty bladder fully / difficulty urinating

urinary tract infection - infection in any part of the urinary system
- Results from catheterization or procedure

urinary incontinence - leaks urine by accident/ loss of bladder control

33
Q

Types on incontinence

A

Stress incontinence: Urine leaks when you exert pressure on your bladder
- laughing, sneezing, coughing can cause a little pee to be released

Urge incontinence: sudden, intense urge to urinate

Overflow incontinence: frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to bladder doesn’t empty fully

34
Q

When a client tells you they cannot urinate, what should you do first?

A

Palpate the bladder, feel for distension

35
Q

What is a common diagnostic test to determine if a client has a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

A

Urinalysis - urine culture test with antimicrobial susceptibility testing

36
Q

What factors put clients at risk for UTIs?

A

Not urinating
Not wiping front to back
Patients on a catheter

37
Q

What are common signs of a UTI?

A

Burning when peeing
Itching around vaginal area
Cloudy
Strong smelling urine
Urge to pee
Flank pain
Frequent urination

38
Q

What are some concerns with urinary health and medication use in older adults? What assessment data would you collect to understand this?

A

Renal function - the medication stays longer in pt’s body causing side effects to last longer
Everything works slower in older adults
Check blood- to check renal function and urinalysis test

39
Q

What are some considerations for clients who must void in bed or at the bedside (bedpan, urinal or commode)?

A

Make accommodations for the client to be comfortable and able to use the bedpan, urinal, and commode

Hygiene care is integral to keep skin around that area healthy

Moisture problems could cause skin breakdown

Risk of infection is also key

40
Q

What is peristalsis and what can decreased peristalsis contribute to?

A

Peristalsis series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract (GI tract)

Decreased peristalsis can contribute to constipation forming hard stool and water continues to be reabsorbed

Bacterial overgrowth
Electrolyte and nutritional deficiencies

41
Q

What is a common diagnostic test to determine if a client has an infection in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract? Aside from diagnostic testing, what other signs indicate GI infection?

A

A stool culture can determine if a client has an infection in the lower gastrointestinal tract
Colonoscopy, endoscopy

Other signs indicating GI infection are nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, watery stool

42
Q

If a client has ongoing vomiting & diarrhea, what is our concern?

A

Dehydration

43
Q

What actions help prevent constipation? If a client routinely uses laxatives, what unintended outcome can occur?

A

Drinking a lot of fluids

Diet high in Fiber- Whole wheat, beans, broccoli, avocado, apples

Moving around can prevent constipation, physical activity

unintended outcome - constipation

44
Q

Treatment for constipation

A

Laxatives
Doculate pills
Suppository

45
Q

How to assess someone’s bowel movement:

A

When was their bowel movement

How many times

Find their pattern

Listen to their bowel sounds

46
Q

What foods in the diet can cause gas?

A

Cauliflower & Broccoli

47
Q

What physical assessment findings would lead you to a nursing diagnosis of constipation?

A

Stool samples - having the stool to be large and dry

Abdominal Assessment ( palapte, auscultate, & possibly percuss)

Abdominal distention or pain

Infrequent passing of stool

Pain upon defecation

48
Q

Classic signs of dehydration

A

Skin tenting

Pale

Dry

Cracked lips

49
Q

What nutritional factors relate to skin integrity (why do we give supplements?)

A

Pt are given supplements bc they are not receiving the standard nutrients they need in their regular diet or the body is not able to produce a sufficient amount of vitamins

Giving supplements will enhance wound healing, give pt adequate nutrition, support immune system, and help with skin repair and tissue, skin integrity

50
Q

Why is sterile technique used? If anything in the field touches something that is not sterile, what would you do?

A

If anything in the field touches something that is not sterile, you have to start over again

Sterile technique is used because it reduces the risk of transmission of microorganisms

Also used when integrity of skin is assessed, impaired, or broken

fundamentals exam 2 (1 decks)

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