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fundamentals exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacokinetics & why is it important for nurses?

A

study of what the BODY DOES TO THE DRUG

It is important for nurses to understand:
- Timing of medication administration
- Selecting the route of administration
- Evaluating a patient’s response
- How body reacts to a drug
- Helps assess the patient to suggest one medication over another

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2
Q

Principles of ADME

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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3
Q

What would you do if a client has a known drug allergy and the provider prescribes a medication that they are allergic to?

A

Hold the medication & talk to the provider

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4
Q

What would you do if a client asked for a medication and it is not in the MAR?

A

Do not adminster the medication
Speak to the provider

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5
Q

What are common medication administration parameters and what would you do if you are giving medications at 0800, the MAR says “hold if pulse is less than 60 bpm” for this drug and your assessment reveals that the client pulse is 48?

A

The common medication administration parameters are usually certain vital signs

If patient does not meet those parameters, the drug will be held

I will hold the drug because their pulse is lower than 60

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6
Q

What is STAT order & when is it given?

A

STAT order is immediately

It is given within 30 minutes of the time it is ordered

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7
Q

7 Rights of medication adminstration

A

Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Documentation
Right Route
Right Reason
Right Time
Right Patient

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8
Q

Do we all experience & express pain in the same way?

A

We do not

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9
Q

What is tolerance?

A

body gets used to the drug so that either more drug is needed or a different is needed

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10
Q

What is dependence?

A

Use of drug continues even when significant problems have occured

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11
Q

What is withdraw?

A

physical and mental symptoms that a person has when they suddenly stop the use of drug

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12
Q

What is addiction?

A

a chronic, relasping disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use

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13
Q

What are general types of medication for pain management & what is the nurses’ role with giving pain medication?

A

pain relievers, NSAIDS, nonopioids, opioids, Acetaminophen

Nurses manage the patients pain through assessment, intervention
Monitor side effects, determine patients ability to self adminster

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14
Q

How would you know if a pain medication is effective?

A

Symptoms become less severe
Patient stating pain level is decreased

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15
Q

When would you reassess pain after giving oral medication

A

After 30 minutes to an hour

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16
Q

What things do nurses teach patients about use of medications for pain control?

A

Take meds at prescribed time and w/ food
Can cause constipation (increase fluid and fiber intake)
Maintaining wellness habits
Nonpharmacological pain-relief interventions
Side effects
Right dose for your pain

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17
Q

How do we assess pain?

A

Use the pain scale
Use OLDCART

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18
Q

What are some interventions for managing pain?

A

Medication
Ice
Physical therapy
Relaxing

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19
Q

What are some complications of oral pain medications?

A

Respiratory depression
Constipation

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20
Q

Patient vital signs with pain:

A

Vital signs will be increased

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21
Q

PCA pump:(patient-controlled analgesia)

A

Family cannot use the pump
Patient must understand how to use it

22
Q

Risk for fall:

A

Mobility issues
Incontinence
Old / weak
Bad balance
Hazards
Medications - any medication that makes you drowsy, muscle relaxants, Antipsychotic

23
Q

Risk factor for skin breakdown:

A

Immobility
Poor nutrition / fluid intake
Incontinence
Bedrest all the time
Unconscious

24
Q

Pressure injury

A

Unintended
Immobility causes them

25
Surgical wound
Intended
26
Stages of pressure wounds
Stage 1 Red doesn't go away Skin intact Move them to get it off the pressure Stage 2 Loose the top of skin loss Kinda looks like a blister Stage 3: More deeper skin loss Stage 4: Down to muscle and bones Full thickness of skin loss
27
Interventions for pressure wounds:
Repositioning the patients Good hygiene Good fluid / nutritional intake
28
Outcome for pressure wound:
Healing Improvement
29
Signs wound is healing:
Smaller Granulation tissue - pink tissue The skin comes together
30
If there is necrotic tissue in the wound bed how could it be treated?
Debridement (removing the necrotic tissue) Antibiotics are part of the treatment Wound care is needed Surgically removed, prevents wound from healing
31
Know the phases of wound healing what you would see on assessment in each phase. What things would you see to indicate the wound is healing?
Hemostasis- stage that controls blood loss, bacterial control Injured blood vessels constrict & platelets gather Clot formation occurs Inflammatory phase: Inflammation or redness at the wound site, edema, heat, and pain. Proliferative phase Reconstruction progress, takes 3-24 days Filling granulation tissue in wound, fibroblast and collagen are present Vascular bed reestablishes, contraction, surface repaired Maturation- collagen scars regain strength- in serious cases can take up year Remodeling stage Fewer pigmented cells (melanocytes) Lighter skin area than the rest Unless on a darker pigmented skin, then that area will be highly pigmented than surrounding tissue Healthy granulation tissue is pink in color would indicate the wound is healing
32
3 common urinary problems
urinary retention: unable to empty bladder fully / difficulty urinating urinary tract infection - infection in any part of the urinary system - Results from catheterization or procedure urinary incontinence - leaks urine by accident/ loss of bladder control
33
Types on incontinence
Stress incontinence: Urine leaks when you exert pressure on your bladder - laughing, sneezing, coughing can cause a little pee to be released Urge incontinence: sudden, intense urge to urinate Overflow incontinence: frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to bladder doesn't empty fully
34
When a client tells you they cannot urinate, what should you do first?
Palpate the bladder, feel for distension
35
What is a common diagnostic test to determine if a client has a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Urinalysis - urine culture test with antimicrobial susceptibility testing
36
What factors put clients at risk for UTIs?
Not urinating Not wiping front to back Patients on a catheter
37
What are common signs of a UTI?
Burning when peeing Itching around vaginal area Cloudy Strong smelling urine Urge to pee Flank pain Frequent urination
38
What are some concerns with urinary health and medication use in older adults? What assessment data would you collect to understand this?
Renal function - the medication stays longer in pt’s body causing side effects to last longer Everything works slower in older adults Check blood- to check renal function and urinalysis test
39
What are some considerations for clients who must void in bed or at the bedside (bedpan, urinal or commode)?
Make accommodations for the client to be comfortable and able to use the bedpan, urinal, and commode Hygiene care is integral to keep skin around that area healthy Moisture problems could cause skin breakdown Risk of infection is also key
40
What is peristalsis and what can decreased peristalsis contribute to?
Peristalsis series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract (GI tract) Decreased peristalsis can contribute to constipation forming hard stool and water continues to be reabsorbed Bacterial overgrowth Electrolyte and nutritional deficiencies
41
What is a common diagnostic test to determine if a client has an infection in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract? Aside from diagnostic testing, what other signs indicate GI infection?
A stool culture can determine if a client has an infection in the lower gastrointestinal tract Colonoscopy, endoscopy Other signs indicating GI infection are nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, watery stool
42
If a client has ongoing vomiting & diarrhea, what is our concern?
Dehydration
43
What actions help prevent constipation? If a client routinely uses laxatives, what unintended outcome can occur?
Drinking a lot of fluids Diet high in Fiber- Whole wheat, beans, broccoli, avocado, apples Moving around can prevent constipation, physical activity unintended outcome - constipation
44
Treatment for constipation
Laxatives Doculate pills Suppository
45
How to assess someone's bowel movement:
When was their bowel movement How many times Find their pattern Listen to their bowel sounds
46
What foods in the diet can cause gas?
Cauliflower & Broccoli
47
What physical assessment findings would lead you to a nursing diagnosis of constipation?
Stool samples - having the stool to be large and dry Abdominal Assessment ( palapte, auscultate, & possibly percuss) Abdominal distention or pain Infrequent passing of stool Pain upon defecation
48
Classic signs of dehydration
Skin tenting Pale Dry Cracked lips
49
What nutritional factors relate to skin integrity (why do we give supplements?)
Pt are given supplements bc they are not receiving the standard nutrients they need in their regular diet or the body is not able to produce a sufficient amount of vitamins Giving supplements will enhance wound healing, give pt adequate nutrition, support immune system, and help with skin repair and tissue, skin integrity
50
Why is sterile technique used? If anything in the field touches something that is not sterile, what would you do?
If anything in the field touches something that is not sterile, you have to start over again Sterile technique is used because it reduces the risk of transmission of microorganisms Also used when integrity of skin is assessed, impaired, or broken

fundamentals exam 2 (1 decks)

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