Fundamentals Concepts of Pharmacology Flashcards
the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
Pharmacology
is the Father of Pharmacology.
Paracelsus
What the drug does to body
Pharmacodynamics
What the body does to drug
Pharmacokinetics
The study of the use of drugs
Pharmacotherapeutics
Preparing suitable dosage forms
Pharmacy
The study of drug dosage
Posology
The study of nature, effects and detection of poisons
Toxicology
quantity of drug administered at one time
Dose
amount of drug that should be given over time
Dosage
Dutch droog, meaning dry; are chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms.
Drugs
therapeutic drugs used in the treatment of diseases.
Medicine
Naming Drugs in 3 Ways
Chemical Name, Brand Name, Generic Name
What are the Branches of Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacotherapeutics, Pharmacy, Posology, Toxicology
are the scientific names based on the molecular structure of the drug.
Chemical Name
the brand name is developed by the company requesting approval for the drug and identifies it as the exclusive property of that company. Also known as a proprietary name, is chosen by the drug company and is usually a registered trademark owned by that specific manufacturer.
Brand Name or Trade Name
means the name of a genus. This term usually names a class or category of products or services. Common or general name assigned to the drug; Is the official or non-proprietary name for the drug.
Generic Name
A list of **medical **conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used. Medical term,
Indication
A description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug.
Action
A list of conditions for which the drug should not be given.
Contraindication
A list of conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for a specific side effects when given the drug.
Caution
A list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects, other than the desired effects.
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Adverse Reaction
Unique to all
Side Effects
Common to all
A list of other drugs or food that may alter the effect of the drug and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy.
Interaction
SOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATION
Drug Handbook
Physician Desk Reference (PDR)
Packet Insert
Nursing Journal
Medical Let
MIMS (Monthly Index of Medical Specialties)
Are rules set to assure consumers that they get what they pay for.
The law says that all preparations called by the same drug name must be of uniform strength, quality and purity (branded or generic)
Drug Standards
First government attempt in the manufacture of drugs and foods.
Required all drugs marketed to meet minimal standards of strength, purity, and quality. (US) The Pure Food and Drug Act required accurate ingredient labeling and prohibited the sale of adulterated and misbranded food and drugs.
1906 Pure Food And Drug Act or Federal Food and Drugs Act or Wiley Act
The primary purpose of this legislation is to ensure safety. America’s 1st law to regulate drugs was the Federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which did not include drug effectiveness and drug safety.
Federal Legislations
Concerned with general safety standards in the production of drugs, foods, and cosmetics.
Responsible for approval and removal of products on the market.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Establish to prevent adulteration of and tampering with drugs, food and cosmetics
require all companies to put warning labels
1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
distinguished between drugs that can be sold with or without prescription and those that should not be refilled without a new prescription, such as narcotics, hypnotics, or tranquilizer must be so labelled.
* Antibiotics and Analgesics cannot be bought without prescriptions.
1952: Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the 1938 Act
resulted from the widely publicized** thalidomide tragedy.**
The Kefauver-Harris amendment tightened controls on drug safety, especially experimental drugs, and required that adverse reactions and contraindications must be labelled and included in the literature.
do not give drugs that give teratogenic effects
1962: Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the 1938 Act
(CSA) of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, Title II, was passed by Congress.
This act, designed to remedy the escalating problem of drug abuse, included several provisions:
The promotion of drug education and research into the prevention and treatment of drug dependence;
The strengthening of enforcement authority;
The establishment of treatment and rehabilitation facilities;
The designation of schedules, or categories, for controlled substances according to abuse liability.
Drugs that can cause dependent addiction
amphetamine, codeine, morphine, marijuana
1970: The Controlled Substances Act
This reform act shortened the time in which new drugs could be developed and marketed.
became important because during covid pandemic, this law was implemented so we can use our vaccines (usually we cannot use vaccines unless they complete the three trials)
1978: Drug Regulation Reform Act (DRRA)
The regulation were changed to ** increase the approval rate of drugs used to treat AIDS and cancer. ** The pharmaceutical companies pay a user fee at the time they file the application for the new drug. The fee is for the FDA drug approval process.
1992: Drug Relation Act
There are five provisions in this act, which include the following:
1. review and use of new drugs is accelerated;
2. drugs can be tested in children before marketing;
3. clinical trial data is necessary for experimental drug use for serious or life-threatening health conditions;
4. drug companies are required to give information on “off-label” drugs (non-FDA approved drugs) and their uses and costs; and
5. drug companies that plan to discontinue drugs must inform health professionals and clients (the public) at least 6 months before stopping drug production.
1997: The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act
nurses cannot prescribe or administer drugs without a health care provider’s order
Nurse Practice Act
An act providing for a more responsive nursing profession, repealing for the purpose of RA no. 7164, otherwise known as “The Philippine Nursing Act of 1991
RA 9173
Negligence; giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the client’s death. Misspelled (second most common)
Misfeasance.
Omission; omitting a drug dose that results in the client’s death. like cardiac drugs (third most common)
Nonfeasance.
Giving the correct drug but by the wrong route that results in the client’s death. (most common)
Malfeasance.
