Fundamentals Flashcards
- Describe the appearance of neutrophils.
Multilobed nuclei with lots of granules
- In what states might you see an abundance of lymphocytes?
Chronic inflammation
Lymphoma
- Describe the appearance of eosinophils.
Bi-lobed nucleus with red granules
- List three conditions that could cause an eosinophilia
Allergic reactions
Parasitic infections
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Describe the appearance of the oesophagus in eosinophilic oesophagitis.
Horizontal striae are seen within the oesophagus (feline oesophagus)
- Describe the appearance of mast cells.
Large cells containing a lot of granules
- Describe the appearance of macrophages
Large cells with lots of cytoplasm
- In what states do macrophages tend to appear?
Late acute inflammation (macrophages clear up the debris) Chronic inflammation (become secretory rather than phagocytic)
- Define granuloma.
Organised collection of activated macrophages
- Describe the appearance of macrophages in granulomas.
Epithelioid macrophages – they have a lot of cytoplasm making them look like epithelial cells
- What cytological feature is suggestive of a good sputum sample?
Pigmented macrophages – this suggests that they have come from the alveoli
- What do macrophages in granulomas fuse together to form?
Langerhans giant cells
- List some causes of granulomas
TB Leprosy Cat scratch fever Fungal infections Sarcoidosis
- List three types of carcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
- What are two key features of squamous cell carcinomas?
Keratin production
Intercellular bridges
- What are two key features of adenocarcinomas?
Mucin production
Glands
- Which stain is used for melanin?
Fontana stain
- Which stain is used for iron?
Prussian blue
- Which stain is used for amyloid?
Congo Red
When viewed under polarised light, it produces apple green birefringence
- What is a key immunological lymphoid marker?
CD45
- What is a classic histological feature of HSV infection?
Cells with multiple nuclei
