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Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

First people to introduce winemaking to the peninsula?

A

Phoenicians

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2
Q

Name the 3 important cities the Phoenicians founded in ‘Spain’?

A

Cadiz, Xera (Jerez), Malaka (Malaga)

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3
Q

When and where did the Greeks arrive in the Peninsula?

A

7th C BC in Tartesus (SW Spain)

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4
Q

Which part of Spain did the Greeks colonize?

A

Northeaster Coast - Cataluna to Valencia

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5
Q

When did the Roman Invasion of the Peninsula start and the outcome?

A

3rd C BC, they overran the Phoenicians and Carthaginians.

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6
Q

What is Vinum Ceretensis

A

Roman vinification method in which grape must was boiled to concentrate flavor, then added to fermenting must creating a stable, strong, sweet wine.

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7
Q

When did the Visigoths arrive in Hispania

A

5th C CE, they were a Germanic Tribe to help stave off other Germanic invaders - was eventually counterproductive

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8
Q

When did the Moors (Arabs and Berbers) arrive?

A

Early 8th C (711), near Jerez, defeated Visigoth King

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9
Q

What happened with wine production during Moorish rule (800 years)

A

Production of grape growing diminished, little exported, fans sweet wine, intro to distillation (fortified wines)

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10
Q

What is the Reconquista

A

Series of campagins (722 -1492) to reconquer Spain from Moorish hands

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11
Q

Why and when did Burgundy based Cistercians arrive

A

12th C to expand network of abbeys throughout Europe - Best soils and sites for vines, superior winemaking techniques (extended maceration, barrels full, constant temp)

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12
Q

Marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 let to what?

A

United the majority of the Peninsula under one rule - set stage for kingdom of Spain

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13
Q

Who was Don Juan Manuel

A

14th C ruler of Penafiel in Ribera del Duero who issued ordinances related to wine trade and vineyard practices (

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14
Q

When did Portugal gain independence

A

1688, Treaty of Lisbon

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15
Q

Which wines were popular in early 1500s for transport to the west.

A

Sherry

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16
Q

Who introduced fortification as a preservative

A

The Dutch (1600s)

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17
Q

What and when was the War of Spanish Succession

A

1701, as a result of the death of King Charles II who had no heir. Crown passed to Philip, grandson of French Louis XIV. Created unrest of a possible unified France and Spain. Treaties of land swaps ended war

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18
Q

What happened during the Napoleonic Wars

A

Spain invaded by France in 1808 and King Ferdinand VII deposed and replaced by Napoleon’s brother, Joseph. Vineyards of Rioja devastated. In 1814, France defeated and Ferdinand reinstated.

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19
Q

What was the result of the Spanish American War

A

1898, Spain lost and give up all it’s remaining territories

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20
Q

Who is responsible for introducing modern winemaking techniques from Bordeaux

A

Luciano Murrieta

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21
Q

Why did so many Bordeaux and Burgundy winemakers come to Nothern Spain.

A

To buy wine in bulk or find vineyards for their grape production b/c their own vineyards were ravaged by Phylloxera.

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22
Q

What was the impact of these French winemakers that came to Spain to escape phylloxera

A

Capital, grape varieties, 225 liter barrels, technical expertise —> quality

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23
Q

Who brought Cab Sauvignon, Marlbec,and Merlot cuttings to Ribera del Duero. What was / is the name of the estate?

A

Eloy Lecanda, (1864) - Vega Sicilia Estate

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24
Q

To combat phylloxera, what species of rootstock is used to graft V. Vinifera on?

A

Vitis Labrusca

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25
Q

who was Spain’s first military dictator

A

Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923-1930)

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26
Q

When was the first regulatory body for Rioja created

A

1926, but no active until mid 1950s

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27
Q

When was the first Consejo Regulador

A

Sherry, 1932

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28
Q

When was Franco’s rule and his impact on wine

A

1939-1975. Reduced access to foreign investment, decimated white wines, killed reputation of Spanish wines

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29
Q

When did Rioja declare the vintage of the century

A

1970

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30
Q

Start of the Denominacion te Origin

A

1970

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31
Q

When did Spain ratify the constitution of the Constitutional monarchy

A

1978

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32
Q

When did Spain join the European Economic Community and Union

A

1986, 1993

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33
Q

Top 3 wine producing countries

A

Italy, France, Spain

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34
Q

Country with most land under vine

A

Spain

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35
Q

Name all 17 autonomous communities in Spain

A

Galicia, Asturia, Cantabria, Pais Vasco, Navarro, La Rioja, Aragon, Cataluna, Castilla y Leon, Communidad de Madrid, Extramadura, Castilla La Mancha, Communidad Valencia, Andalusia, Region de Murcia, Islas Baleares, Islas Canarias

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36
Q

Spain is the X largest country in Europe

A

3rd

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37
Q

Spain is the X most mountainous in Europe and Y highest

A

3rd most mountainous and 2nd highest

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38
Q

What is the plateau at the center of the country called

A

Meseta

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39
Q

What are the mountains that create the border between FRance and Spain called. And it’s highest peak

A

Pirineos, Pico de Aneto

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40
Q

Name of the range between Pyrenees and Macizo Galaico

A

Cordillera Cantabrica

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41
Q

Where are the Picos de Europa

A

Southern portion of the Cordillera Cantabria, north part of Castilla y Leon

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42
Q

What is the Systema Iberico

A

Separates the Meseta from the Ebro Valley. Runs from Rioja to Valencia

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43
Q

Name the two mountain ranges that enclose La Rioja

A

Sierra de Cantabria and Sierra de la Demanda

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44
Q

What is the Sistema Central

A

Splits the Meseta in two Castilla y Leon from Extramadura and Castilla La Mancha

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45
Q

name the two primary mountain ranges as part of the sistema Central

A

Sierra de Gretas (between Leon and Extramadura) and Sierra de Guadarrama (between Leon and Madrid)

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46
Q
A
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47
Q

Highest point in the Sistema Central

A

Pico Almanzor

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48
Q

What is the main range in Cataluna

A

Cordilleras Costello-Catalanas

49
Q

What are the Montes de Toledo

A

On the Meseta separating Tajo and Guadiana rivers

50
Q

What is the Sierra de Guadalupe

A

Western points of the Montes de Toledo

51
Q

What is Sierra Morena

A

Northern part of Andalucia

52
Q

What is the Sistema Betico

A

Southern Andalucia - Gulf of Cadiz through Murcia, in sea, to Islas Baleares. Three ranges: Prebetica, Penibetica, Subbetica

53
Q

Highest Mountain in Spain

A

Pico del Teide - Tenerife, Islas Canarias

54
Q

Name the two most significant lowland areas

A

Ebro Basin and Andalusian Plan

55
Q

Name the three primary bodies of water surrounding Spain

A

Bay of Biscay, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea

56
Q

Name the five primary rivers

A

Tajo, Ebro, Duero, Guadiana, Guadalquivir

57
Q

What is the longest river in the peninsula and what is the longest in Spain

A

Tajo, Ebro is longest in Spain

58
Q

Where does the Tajo drain

A

Atlantic, near Lisbon

59
Q

Where does the Ebro drain

A

Tarragona, Mediterranean

60
Q

Where does the Duero drain

A

Atlantic, near Porto

61
Q

Where do the Guadiana and Guadalquivir drain

A

Gulf of Cadiz

62
Q

3 types of soil

A

Metamorphic, sedimentary, volcanic

63
Q

What is metamorphic rock and where found generally

A

Substance modified by heat and pressure. Found in mountain ranges

64
Q

What is licorella

A

Unique soil (metamorphic) of layer of slate and shale found in Priorat. Vines must dig deep

65
Q

What is sedimentary soil and where found

A

Formed by water and wind deposits of organic materials. Coastline and Meseta and Las Islas Baleares.

66
Q

Examples of sedimentary soil

A

Limestone, chalk, sand, clay

67
Q

What is Limestone -

A

Sedimentary rock with high concentration of calcite. Alluvial deposits of shellfish, coral etc.

68
Q

What is chalk

A

Porous, soft, white form of limestone

69
Q

What is the special soil in Andalucia called

A

Albariza - white chalky soil mixed with limestone sand and clay.

70
Q

What is volcanic soil and where found

A

Result of volcanic eruption. High concentration of carbonates and sulfates, porous and holds air and water, creates pronounced aromatics
Found in Islas Canarias, especially Lanzarotte, and Rias Baixas (Granite)

71
Q

Examples of Volcanic soil

A

Igneous rock, granite

72
Q

Name the 4 climates of Spain

A

Maritime - Green Spain
Continental - central / inland
Mediterranean- West/ south coast
Subtropical - Islas Canarias

73
Q

In the Meseta when are the rain season

A

Both spring and Fall
However, north is rainier in the spring, south is rainier in the fall

74
Q

When does rain occur in Mediterranean climate

A

Late fall and winter

75
Q

What is the Leveche

A

Hot dry dust laden SW wind from North Africa, felt most strongly over Valencia and Alicante in Spring

76
Q

What is the Solano or Levante

A

Hot dry Easterly wind between prebetica and Africa in Winter. Can also be in Spring / Summer on Andalusian plain and can cause flash floods

77
Q

What is the Poniente

A

West wind through Andalucia bringing humid air

78
Q

Spain is the number one wine exporter T/F

A

True - 22% of market share

79
Q

Name the top 3 autonomous communities responsible for 60% of all wine produced

A

Castilla La Mancha, Cataluna, La Rioja

80
Q

3 main vine training systems and describe

A

Pergola / Parall - Max air circulation,prevent mildew and even ripening (Galicia)
Gobolet / En Vaso - bush , overhang to prevent burn, head pruned
VSP / Espaldera - narrow curtain, drip irrigation, spur pruned

81
Q

What is the planting method that looks like a chessboard called

A

Marco real - decreases hydric stress

82
Q

What is en cabeza

A

When a En vaso bush is trained downward to protect fruit from sunburn

83
Q

How many native grapes

84
Q

89% of wines in Spain are produced by X varieties

85
Q

Cab Franc is a crossing of?

A

Morenoa and Hondarribi Beltza

86
Q

Carmenere is a cross between?

A

Gros Cabernet (Hondaribbi Beltza X Fer) and Cab Franc

87
Q

Top six grapes - 65% of all vineyard

A

All indigenous
Airen, Tempranillo, Bobal, Garnach Tinta, Macabeo/Viura, Monastrell

88
Q

What is mutage

A

Adding spirit to wine to obtain a stable sweet wine

89
Q

What are the traditional clay jars for fermentation called

90
Q

Main type of oak used for aging

A

American (Vanilla), beginning to use Hungarian and French as well

91
Q

Name the 3 traditional aging terms and aging requirements

A

Noble - 18 mo in cask
Anejo (Mature), 24 mo
Viejo (Old), 36 mo

92
Q

Modern aging terms and minimum times for red wines

A

Joven: None, 1st year after harvest
Crianza: 6 mo, 24 mo
Reserva: 12 mon, 36 mo
Gran Reserva: 18 mo, 60 mo

93
Q

Modern aging terms and minimum times for white wines

A

Joven: none, 1st year after harvest
Crianza: 6 mo, 12 mo
Reserva: 6 mo, 24 mo
Gran Reserva: 6 mo, 48 mo

94
Q

Two methods for making Rosada

A

Direct Press and Saignee

95
Q

Spanish for Sparkling wine

A

Vino Espumoso

96
Q

Spanish for the mixture of sugar and yeast added to start 2nd fermentation

A

Licor de tiraje

97
Q

First sparkling Spanish wine of fame?

A

1872, Raventos of Cordoniu Estate in Cataluna — dug cool cellar cave (Cava)

98
Q

First official mention of Cava

A

1959 - Trade Regulations of Sparkling and Fizzy Wines

99
Q

3 traditional grapes for Cava and 2 extra for Rosado

A

Macabeo, Xarel-lo, Parellada. And Garnacha Tinta, Trepat

100
Q

Min aging for Cava

101
Q

Spanish version of gyropalette

A

Girasol - manual - riddle from months to weeks

102
Q

Spanish for Fortified Wines

A

Vino Generoso

103
Q

Grapes authorized for sherry

A

Palomino, Pedro Ximenez, Moscatel

104
Q

What is the spirit called added to fortify sherry

A

Destilado - from Airen grapes in La Mancha

105
Q

DO exclusively dedicated to sweet wines

A

Malaga - Moscatel

106
Q

What is Fondillon

A

Sweet wine from Alicante using overripe Monastrell. And aged fro min of 10 years in Solera

107
Q

Where is the largest expanse of malvasia grapes

A

Lanzarote - Islas Canarias

108
Q

Year of Consejo Regulador in Rioja and purpose

A

1926, to control use of name Rioja and quality

109
Q

When and by what was the Denominacion de Origin stature replaced

A

1970, Statute on Vineyard, Wine and Alcohol Regulations and created a national Institute for DO

110
Q

What eventually happened with the Institute of DO

A

1978 - decentralized , back to Consejo Regulador organizations, under Ministry of Agriculture to protect DOs

111
Q

2 categories under of quality wine under EU rules

A

Wines with Geographical Origin
DOP / PDO
IGP / PGI
Wines without Geographical Origin
Vino / Wine

112
Q

List the Spanish categories of DOP/PDO wines and number

A

DOCa - 2
DO - 68
VC (Vino de Calidad con Idicacion Geografica) - 7
VP (vino de Pago) - 19

113
Q

Min requirement for a DOCa

A

Min of 10 years as DO. Double price point of national average of DO wines

114
Q

Min requirements for DO

A

Quality recognized for min of 5 years, authorized grapes, production levels, winemaking methods, aging times, all produced and bottled within region

115
Q

What is a vino de Pago

A

Single estate (Pago =. Vineyard). High esteemed estate with unique soil or mesoclimate. Produced and bottled within estate. Can set its own rules - very flexible (like super Tuscan)

116
Q

Spanish IGP / PGI categorization

A

VT - Vino de la Tierra (42). — more relaxed, in addition to geography, min alcohol content

117
Q

6 required items on label

A
  1. Name of quality designation - DO, DOCa, etc.
  2. Name of region/appelation
  3. Alc by vol
  4. Country
  5. Name of producer or bottler (importer required if imported)
  6. Volume
118
Q

Added required label item for sparkling wine

A

Sugar content (i.e. dosage)

SWS (2 decks)

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