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ATI Review > Fundamentals > Flashcards

Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Preventative Healthcare focuses on

A

education

-why you should use your seatbelt, or here are some stress management techniques

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2
Q

Primary Healthcare is

A

prenatal care or well child visits

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3
Q

Secondary Healthcare deals with

A

diagnosis and treatment

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4
Q

Tertiary Healthcare is

A

acute care

ICU, burn center, oncology center…something more specialized

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5
Q

Restorative Healthcare focuses on

A

getting you back to your basic level of functioning

Home health centers, rehab facilities, skilled nursing facilities

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6
Q

Continuing Healthcare is

A

something you will need indefinitely

end of life care, palliative care, hospice care, assisted living facilities

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7
Q

Occupational Therapy focuses

A

on a client’s actives of daily living

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8
Q

Physical Therapy focuses on

A

gross motor skills

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9
Q

Speech-Language pathologist

A

evaluates and makes recommendations regarding the impact of disorders or injuries on speech, language, and swallowing

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10
Q

Advocacy means that we will

A

support and defend our client

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11
Q

Responsibility means that we will

A

respect our obligations and follow through on promises

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12
Q

Accountability means that we will

A

answer for our actions

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13
Q

Confidentiality is the

A

protection of privacy

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14
Q

Beneficence means that we will

A

promote good for others, without any self-interest

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15
Q

Fidelity is a

A

fulfillment of your promise

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16
Q

Justice is

A

fairness and care delivery and use of resources

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17
Q

Nonmalefeficence means a

A

commitment to do no harm

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18
Q

Veracity is a

A

commitment to tell the truth

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19
Q

Unintentional torts

A

Negligence
Malpractice

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20
Q

Quasi-intentional torts (some intent)

A

Breach of confidentiality
Defamation of character

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21
Q

Intentional torts

A

Assault
Battery
False Imprisonment

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22
Q

The 5 elements necessary to prove negligence

A

Duty to provide care as defined by a standard

Breach of duty by failure to meet standards

Foreseeability of harm

Breach of duty has potential to cause harm

Harm occurs

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23
Q

Responsibilities for informed consent

A

Provider obtains informed consent

Client gives informed consent

Nurse witnesses the informed consent

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24
Q

Informed consent means the client understands

A

The reason for the procedure/treatment

How the procedure/treatment will benefit the client

The risks

Other options

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25
Q

What do you need to document?

A

Factual
Complete
Organized
Current

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26
Q

When taking a telephone order

A

WRITE IT DOWN

then read it back

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27
Q

Incident reports are NOT documented

A

in the client’s chart, they are documented internally for auditing

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28
Q

PIE

A

Problem
Intervention
Evaluation

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29
Q

DAR

A

Data
Action
Response

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30
Q

RN may NOT delegate

A

ANY part of the nursing process

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31
Q

5 Rights of Delegation

A

Task
Circumstance
Client
Direction and Communication
Supervision and Evaluation

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32
Q

Virulence

A

the ability of a pathogen to invade and injure host

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33
Q

Stages of Infection

A

Incubation - pre symptoms
Prodromal stage - more distinct findings; early stage of symptoms
Illness stage - more severe symptoms
Convalescence - acute findings disappear

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34
Q

When client is having a seizure

A

NEVER put anything in their mouth
STAY with them
Call for help, possibly RRT
Administer any PRN meds
Take note of duration/type of seizure
Take VS after seizure subsides

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35
Q

Hard Lock Restraints may be applied for (time)

A

4 hrs - adult
2 hrs - 9-17 y/o
1 hr - under 9 y/o

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36
Q

Soft Lock Restraints may be applied for (time)

A

24 hrs

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37
Q

Field Triage

A

Disaster is larger than the resources available

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38
Q

Class 1 - RED - Emergent/Immediate

A

Life-threatening injury

i.e. arterial bleed, severe burn, head injury, airway issue

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39
Q

Class 2 - YELLOW - Urgent/Delayed

A

Major injuries that are not life-threatening

i.e. open fracture (won’t kill you within the next 30 min to 2 hrs)

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40
Q

Class 3 - GREEN - Minor/Nonurgent

A

Minor injuries not life-threatening

i.e. laceration (also called the walking wounded)

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41
Q

Class 4 - BLACK - Expectant

A

Lowest priority, will not survive; provide “field hospice” care

i.e. exposed brain matter, pulses, impaled

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42
Q

Active Shooter

A

Run
Hide
Fight

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43
Q

Primary level of Prevention

A

Healthy clients

Immunizations, using car seats/seatbelts, exercise, health ed

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44
Q

Secondary level of Prevention

A

Identify Illness

Disease screening, early detection of DM, physical activities of exercise for elderly clients

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45
Q

Tertiary level of Prevention

A

Preventing long term consequences of illness/injury

Preventing of pressure ulcers, independence after traumatic brain injury, rehab centers

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46
Q

Cognitive Domain of learning

A

Thinking, Knowledge, Comprehension, Analyzing

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47
Q

Affective Domain of learning

A

Feelings, Beliefs and Values

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48
Q

Psychomotor Domain of learning

A

Skills; mental and physical

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49
Q

Infants (0-12 mo)

A

Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust
Piaget: sensorimotor
Head to Foot in Motor Skills development
Fontanels - posterior closes first 2-3 mo; anterior closes second 12-18 mo
Infants will loose 5-10% of their weight initially, but should gain it back by the second week of life; weight will double by 4-6 mo and triple by 1 yr
Aspiration, Bodily harm, Burns, Drowning, Falls, Poisoning, MV injury, Suffication

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50
Q

Toddlers (1-3 yrs)

A

Erikson: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Piaget: sensorimotor transitions to pre operational
Motor skills - speaking short sentences by 2 yo,
Aspiration, Bodily harm, Burns, Drowning, Falls, Poisoning, MV injury, Suffication

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51
Q

Preschoolers (3-6 yrs)

A

Initiative vs Guilt
Piaget: pre operational
Motor skills - lots of language and social development; magical thinking
Bodily harm, Burns, Drowning, MV injury, Poisoning

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52
Q

School-age Children (6-12 yrs)

A

Industry vs Inferiority
Piaget - concrete operations
Puberty wil start, permanent teeth
Bodily harm, Burns, Drowning, MV injuries, Substance abuse/Poisoning

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53
Q

Adolescents (12-20 yrs)

A

Erikson: Identity vs Role Confusion
Piaget: formal operations
Puberty will complete by the end of adolescence, determine sexuality
Bodily harm, Burns, Drowning, MV injuries, Substance use disorder, Sexuality, Pregnancy prevention

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54
Q

Young Adults (20-35 yrs)

A

Erikson: Intimacy vs Isolation
Piaget: formal operations
Done growing
Avoid alcohol, tobacco, and drugs, wearing a seatbelt/helmeet, smoke/carbon monoxide detectors

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55
Q

Middle Adults (35-65 yrs)

A

Erikson: Generativity vs Stagnation
Piaget: formal operations
Mid-life crisis, body image changes, menopause

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56
Q

Older Adult (65+ yrs)

A

Erikson: Integrity vs Despair
Piaget: formal operations
Systems changes: skin, cardiopulmonary, neuro, GI, MSK, GU, endo, immune
Delirium (sudden onset caused by something physiological) vs Dementia (slower, progressive, chronic; can’t improve it)

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57
Q

Heat loss through Conduction

A

transfer of heat from the body directly to another surface

body immersed in cold water

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58
Q

Heat loss through Radiation

A

transfer of heat from one object to another object without contact between them

sitting in a cold room

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59
Q

Heat loss through Convection

A

dispersion of heat by air currents

wind blowing across skin

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60
Q

Heat loss through Evaporation

A

dispersion of heat through water vapor

prespiration

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61
Q

Heat loss through Diaphoresis

A

visible perspiration on the skin

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62
Q

Oral Temp range

A

36-38 C (96.8-100.4 F)

Avg 98.6

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63
Q

Rectal Temp

A

0.5 C higher than oral

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64
Q

Axillary Temp

A

0.5 C lower than oral

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65
Q

Pulse Strength

A

0 - absent
1+ - weak
2+ - expected, brisk
3+ - strong
4+ - bounding

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66
Q

PERRLA

A

Pupils are Equal, Round, and Reactive to Light and Accommodation

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67
Q

Rinne

A

bone conduction vs air conduction

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68
Q

Weber

A

right ear vs left ear

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69
Q

Bronchial

A

loud, high-pitched over the trachea

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70
Q

Brochiovesicular

A

blowing sounds over the main bronchi

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71
Q

Vesicular

A

soft, breezy over the periphery of the lungs

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72
Q

Crackles

A

Fine or coarse bubbly, fluid in the alveoli

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73
Q

Wheezes

A

high-pitched, musical

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74
Q

Ronchi

A

coarse, loud, low-pitched rumbling

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75
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

dry, grating, or rubbing sound

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76
Q

Normal heart sounds

A

S1 and S2

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77
Q

Gallop is heard by

A

S3

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78
Q

Strong atrial contraction heard by

A

S4

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79
Q

Systolic murmurs occur after

A

S1

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80
Q

Diastolic murmurs occur after

A

S2

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81
Q

Thrill is a

A

palpable vibration that accompanies murmur or a cardiac malformation

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82
Q

Bruit is a

A

blowing, swishing sound heard with stethoscope

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83
Q

Cyanosis

A

bluish tint in skin

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84
Q

Pallor

A

loss of color in skin, paleness

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85
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowish color in skin

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86
Q

Erythema

A

redness in skin

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87
Q

Macule

A

non palpable, skin color change; <1cm

freckle

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88
Q

Papule

A

palpable, circumscribed, solid elevation of skin; <1cm

elevated nevus

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89
Q

Nodule

A

palpable, deep, firm; 1-2cm

wart

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90
Q

Vesicle

A

serous fluid-filled; <1cm

herpes simplex, blister, varicella

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91
Q

Pustule

A

pus-filled; size varies

acne

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92
Q

Tumor

A

solid mass, deep; >1-2cm

epithelioma

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93
Q

Wheal

A

palpable, irregular borders, edematous

insect bite

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94
Q

Atrophy

A

thinning of skin with loss of normal skin furrow

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95
Q

Erosion

A

lost epidermis, moist surface, no bleeding

ruptured vesicle

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96
Q

Crust

A

dried blood, serum, or pus

scab

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97
Q

Scale

A

flakes of skin that exfoliate

dandruff, eczema

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98
Q

Fissure

A

linear crack

tines pedis

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99
Q

Ulcer

A

loss of epidermis and dermis with possible bleeding, scarring

pressure injury

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100
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Alarm - “fight or flight”

Resistance - body functions normalize back to homeostasis

Exhaustion - no longer able to maintain a response; recovery or death

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101
Q

Stages of Grief

A

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

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102
Q

Types of Grief

A

Normal
Anticipatory
Complex - delayed, chronic, exaggerated, masked
Disenfranchised - not culturally acceptable or cannot be publicly shared

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103
Q

Diabetic foot care

A

Lotion feet, but NOT between toes
Wear close-toed, hard sole shoes
Clean cotton socks
Nails are filed straight accross
Foot care by podiatrist

NO soaking feet, use of heat

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104
Q

Hypersomnolence

A

excessive daytime sleepiness lasting at least 3 mo

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105
Q

Factors that Interfere with Sleep

A

Physiologic disorders
Current life events
Emotional stress or mental illness
Diet
Exercise
Fatigue
Sleep environment
Medications
Substance use

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106
Q

Clear Liquid Diet

A

anything you can see through when held up to the light

broth, jello, popsicles, coffee

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107
Q

Full Liquid Diet

A

clear liquid plus liquid dairy products

yogurt, milkshake, creamy soups (no particles of food)

108
Q

Pureed Diet

A

full liquid plus pureed meats, fruits, and eggs

109
Q

Mechanical Soft Diet

A

clear and full liquids plus diced or ground foods

110
Q

Soft/low-residue Diet

A

foods that are low and fiber and easy to digest

eggs, dairy products, bananas

111
Q

High-fiber Diet

A

whole grains, raw and dried fruits

112
Q

Low Sodium Diet

A

no added salt, or 1-2 g sodium

113
Q

Low Cholesterol Diet

A

no more than 300 mg/d of dietary cholesterol

114
Q

Diabetic Diet

A

balanced intake of proteins, fats, and carbs; ~1800 calories

115
Q

Dysphagia Diet

A

pureed food and thickened liquids

116
Q

Regular Diet

A

no restrictions

117
Q

Idiopathic Pain

A

chronic pain without a known cause, or pain that exceeds typical pain levels associated with the client’s condition

118
Q

Nociceptive Pain

A

arises from damage to or inflammation of tissue

Somatic
Visceral
Cutaneous

119
Q

Somatic Pain

A

bones, joints, muscle, skin, or connective

120
Q

Visceral Pain

A

in internal organs; described as cramps, squeezing, or heavy

121
Q

Cutaneous Pain

A

in the skin or subcutaneous tissue

122
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

abnormal or damaged nerves

pins/needles, shooting, burning, tingling, electric-like, and numbness

123
Q

Opioid analgesic adverse effects

A

Sedation
Respiratory depression
Orthostatic hypotension
Urinary retention
Nausea/vomiting
Constipation

124
Q

Aloe

A

wound healing

125
Q

Chamomile

A

anti-inflammatory

126
Q

Echinacea

A

enhances immunity

127
Q

Garlic

A

inhibits platelet aggregation (aspirin)

128
Q

Ginger

A

antiemetic

129
Q

Ginkgo Biloba

A

improves memory

130
Q

Ginseng

A

increase physical endurance

131
Q

Valerian

A

promotes sleep and reduces anxiety

132
Q

Bowel control starts at

A

about 2-3 yrs

133
Q

Fluid requirement for bowel elimination

A

2L - women
3L - men

134
Q

Tyramine Interaction

A

do not eat when taking MAOI’s - monoamine oxidase inhibitors

hypertensive crisis

135
Q

Vitamin K Interaction

A

decrease therapeutic effects of warfarin

136
Q

Dairy Interaction

A

with tetracycline

137
Q

Grapefruit Interaction

A

with Calcium Channel Blockers

138
Q

Caffeine Interaction

A

with theophylline (asthma control agent)

excessive CNS excitation

139
Q

Antacids/Vit C Interaction

A

taking aluminum-containing antacids with citrus beverages can result in excessive absorption of aluminum

140
Q

Pregnancy Risk Categories

A

A - no evidence of risk
B - no evidence of risk to animal fetus; no studies of humans
C - adverse effects on animals but not on humans
D - adverse effects on humans, but benefits may outweigh risks
X - should not be used

141
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

24-44% at a flow rate 1-6 L/min

provide humidification for flow rates 4 L/min and greater

142
Q

Simple Face Mask (oxygen delivery)

A

35-50% at a flow rate 6-12 L/min

more comfortable than nasal cannula

143
Q

Partial rebreather mask (oxygen delivery)

A

60-75% at a flow rate 6-11 L/min

allows for easy humidification of oxygen and client is able to rebreathe up to 1/3 of exhaled air together w/room air

144
Q

Non-rebreather mask (oxygen delivery)

A

80-95% at a flow rate 10-15 L/min

delivers highest O2 concentration (other than intubation)

145
Q

Venturi mask (oxygen delivery)

A

24-50% at a flow rate 4-12 L/min

most precise oxygen concentration

146
Q

Aerosol mask (oxygen delivery)

A

24-200% at a flow rate at least 10 L/min

useful for clients with facial trauma, burns, and thick secretions or ones who don’t tolerate masks well

147
Q

Oxygen Toxicity can result from

A

high concentrations of oxygen; >50%

long duration of therapy; >24-48 hr

148
Q

Chest Physiotherapy is used

A

on clients who cannot clear airways of thick secretions

149
Q

NG Tube Indications

A

Decrompression
Feeding
Lavage
Compression
Collection (Data)

150
Q

Large-bore tubes are used for

A

Lavage
Decompression
Aspiration

151
Q

Orogastric Tubes are

A

large-bore tubes with wide proximal ends to be used for lavage and gastric emptying

152
Q

Double lumen tube is the

A

most common NG tube used; mostly for decompression but sometimes for irrigation

major advantage is that it can be used with continuous suction

Salem sup tube

153
Q

Triple lumen tube

A

Used for upper GI bleed from esophageal varices used only in emergencies when endoscopy is unavailable

Sengstaken-Blakemore

154
Q

When inserting an NG tube, and encountering resistance, _______ or ________ , and attempt to readvance.

A

rotate
withdraw it slightly

155
Q

When removing an NG tube, inject ________, ____________, or ________ to clear the tube of fluid and make sure it is free of debris.

A

10mL water
10mL 0.9% NS
30-50mL of air

156
Q

When removing an NG tube, ask the patient to ______________ to prevent aspiration.

A

take a deep breath and hold it

157
Q

During enteral feedings, client should be elevated

A

at least 30 degrees, and stay that way for at least 30 min after feeding

158
Q

Types of formulas for enteral feedings: Modular and Polymeric

A

Single-nutrient and whole-nutrient formulas and require a functioning gastrointestinal tract that can absorb whole nutrients.

159
Q

Types of formulas for enteral feedings: Elemental

A

Contain predigested nutrients that are easy for a partially functional gastrointestinal tract to absorb

160
Q

Types of formulas for enteral feedings: Specialty

A

meet specific nutritional needs for clients who have a conditions such as HIV, liver failure, or clients who have pulmonary disease.

161
Q

When measuring a nasointestinal tube for insertion

A

measure from the nose to the clients earlobe, and from the earlobe to the xiphoid process plus 20 to 30 cm more

162
Q

Wound Dressings: damp to damp

A

used to mechanically decried a wound until granulation tissue starts to form in the wound bed

163
Q

Wound Dressings: hydrocolloid

A

promote healing in stage 2 pressure injuries by creating a moist wound bed

164
Q

Wound Dressings: hydrogel

A

composition is mostly water

for infected, deep wounds or necrotic tissue

165
Q

Wound Dressings: alginates

A

used for stage 3 and 4 pressure ulcers to absorb exudate

166
Q

Wound Dressings: collagen

A

powders, pastes, sheets, gels

helps stop bleeding and promotes healing

167
Q

Dehiscense

A

partial or total rupture of a sutured wound

168
Q

Evisceration

A

dehiscence involves protrusion of visceral organs

169
Q

Dehydration signs and symptos

A

Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Hypotension
Hypoxia

dizzy, confused, weak, thirsty, fatigue, decreased urine output, diminished skin turgor, flat veins, seizures

elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit
elevated sodium level

170
Q

Fluid Volume Overload signs and symptoms

A

Tachycardic
Bounding pulse
HTN
Tachypnea

confused, paresthesia, seizures, crackles, ascitis, dyspnea, pitting edema, weight gain, cool skin

hemoglobin and hematocrit is decreased
sodium decreased
BUN decreased

171
Q

Nonpharmacologic Interventions

A

Basic Comfort Measures - proper positioning and therapeutic environment
Cutaneous Stimulation- heat/cold, TENS
Cognitive and Behavioral Strategies - changing the way a client percieves pain
Distraction - prayer, music, deep breathing, games
Relaxation - meditation, yoga
Imagery - focusing on pleasant thoughts
Acupuncture and Acupressure

172
Q

Chronic Pain

A

chronic/persistent is lasting longer than 6 months; sometimes categorized as cancer pain or noncancer pain

173
Q

Acute Pain

A

protective, temporary, usually, self-limiting, has a direct cause, and resolves with tissue healing

lasting less than 6 months

174
Q

No-one should judge another pain experience

A

“Pain is whatever the person says it is occurring whenever the person says it does” - Margo Mccaffery

175
Q

Four Phases of Nociceptive Pain

A

Transduction
Transmission
Perception
Modulation

176
Q

Why do depression and pain coexist?

A

Pain and depression use the same neural pathways and the same neurotransmitters

177
Q

Analgesics, or pain killers

A

medications that relieve different types of pain

Opioids
Non opioids
Adjuvant analgesics

178
Q

Allodynia

A

when things that shouldn’t cause pain, do cause pain (feather’s touch or clothing)

179
Q

Opioids

A

Exogenous: morphine, fentanyl, codeine, oxycodone

Endogenous: endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins

180
Q

Non opioids

A

acetaminophen and NSAIDS

181
Q

Adjuvant Analgesics

A

primary indication is not pain; antidepressants, anti epileptics, antiemetics, glucocorticoids

182
Q

Absorption

A

Process by which medication enters the blood stream

183
Q

Distribution

A

Process by which medication is delivered to the target cells and tissues

184
Q

Metabolism (Drug Binding)

A

Process by which drug is chemically changed in the body

185
Q

Excretion

A

Process of removing the drug or its metabolites from the body

186
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The process by which a drug moves through the body and is eventually eliminated; consists of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

187
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The physiologic and biochemical effects of a drug on the body

May be systemic or local

188
Q

Medication Interaction

A

When a medications effects are altered by the concurrent presence of other medications or food

Synergism- increases drug’s effects
Antagonism - decreases a drug’s effects

189
Q

[In]Compatability

A

In some cases, a drug will precipitate from solutions, or chemically inactivate, if mixed with other medications

190
Q

Drugs known to cause birth defects

A

Teratogenic

191
Q

Some drugs are immediately absorbed in the liver

A

First pass metabolism

192
Q

Enteroheptic Cycling

A

When drugs pass through the liver and are secreted back into the small intestine in the bile

193
Q

Entry rate of a drug into the tissue depends on:

A
  1. The rate of blood flow into the tissue
  2. The tissue mass
  3. The rate at which entry/exit of the drug molecules between blood and tissue equlibriate
194
Q

Three Checks of Medication Administration

A
  1. Read the eMAR and select the proper medication from the supply system
  2. After retrieving the medication, compare it to the eMAR
  3. At the bedside after verifying the pt recheck again against eMAR
195
Q

Six Rights of Medication Administration

A

Right Patient
Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Route
Right Time
Right Documentation

196
Q

Insulin is injected [with and into]

A

With 1-mL syringe with 26-30 gauge

Into upper arm, anterior or lateral aspects of thigh, buttocks, or abdomen

100U = 1 mL

197
Q

IM injections are given [with and into]

A

With 3 mL syringe and a 20-25 gauge, 1-3 in needle

Into deltoid, rectus femoris, ventrogluteal, vastus lateralis (infant)

198
Q

ID injections are given with

A

1 mL syringe with a short, half-inch small gauge 26-28

199
Q

kg to lb

A

Multiply by 2.2

1 kg = 2.2 lb

200
Q

oz to mL

A

Multiply by 30

1 oz = 30 mL

201
Q

Tablespoons to mL

A

Multiply by 15

1 tbsp = 15 mL

202
Q

Teaspoons to mL

A

Multiply by 5

1 teaspoon = 5 mL

203
Q

Inches to centimeters

A

Multiply by 2.54

1 in = 2.54 cm

204
Q

Cups to ounces

A

Multiply by 8

1 cup = 8 oz

205
Q

Pints to cups

A

Multiply by 2

1 pint = 2 cups

206
Q

Cups to milliliters

A

Multiply by 240

1 cup = 240 mL

207
Q

Pounds to ounces

A

Multiply by 16

1 lb = 16 oz

208
Q

Fahrenheit to Celsius

A

-32
x5
/9

209
Q

Celsius to Fahrenheit

A

x9
/5
+32

210
Q

Airborne precautions for _______, __________, and __________

A

MTV

measles, tb, varicella

211
Q

Purulent

A

Thick, opaque and odorous build up from infection

212
Q

First Phase of Wound Healing

A

Hemostasis; vasoconstriction, aggregation, and clot formation

213
Q

Second Phase of Wound Healing

A

Inflammatory; vasodilation and phagocytosis

214
Q

Third Phase of Wound Healing

A

Proliferation; rebuilding new tissue

215
Q

Fourth Phase of Wound Healing

A

Maturation; scar tissue is formed

216
Q

pH needed for wound healing

A

7.0-7.6

217
Q

Progress of an Infection: Phase 1

A

Incubation: time between the pathogen’s entrance into the host and the appearance of symptoms

218
Q

Progress of an Infection: Phase 2

A

Prodromal: nonspecific symptoms such as nausea, fever, general weakness, or aches and pains

219
Q

The functional part of the kidney is the

A

Nephron

220
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

More than 1 million

221
Q

Where is urine stored?

A

The bladder

222
Q

Where does filtration take place/begin?

A

The glomerulus

223
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

Surrounds the glomerulus

224
Q

Average amount of urine per void

A

250-400mL

225
Q

Normal Urine color, clarity, and odor

A

Light yellow, clear, without sediment, and aromatic

226
Q

Most common microorganism that causes UTI

A

E. coli

227
Q

Altered Urinary Function: polyuria

A

Brain injury patient

228
Q

Noninvasive technology that can estimate the volume of urine in the bladder

A

Bladder scan (ultrasound)

229
Q

What type of collection do you get if sterile urine is not necessary?

A

Random urine specimen

230
Q

24-hr specimen needs to be restarted if:

A

Any of the urine is discarded
It is contaminated with stool
It is contaminated with toilet paper

231
Q

T/F: It is normal to have ketones present in the urine.

A

False

232
Q

Two most common blood tests to detect kidney disease

A

BUN and Creatinine

233
Q

Catheterization performed by RN vs patient

A

RN: procedure is sterile
Patient: procedure is clean

234
Q

Intermittent catheterization

A

Every 6-8 hrs

235
Q

Altered Urinary Function: nocturia

A

CHF

236
Q

Prompted Voiding

A

Involves the use of regular checks (every 2 hrs) to determine whether the or perceives the urge to void

237
Q

Bladder Training

A

Pts suppress the urge to void before scheduled times.

238
Q

Once foley cath is removed, pt should void when

A

Within 8hrs

239
Q

Cystitis

A

UTI in the bladder

240
Q

Urethritis

A

UTI in the urethra

241
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

UTI of the ureters, renal pelvis, or renal parenchyma

242
Q

Urosepsis

A

Infection spreads to systemic circulation

Common in older adults as the bladder wall thins

243
Q

CAUTI

A

Catheter acquired UTI

244
Q

Fiber recommendations

A

25-38g of dietary fiber
Fruits and vegetables are high in fiber

245
Q

To promote soft stool consistency and promote bowel elimination

A

2L - women
3L - men

246
Q

Opioids and iron cause

A

Constipation

247
Q

Antibiotics cause

A

Diarrhea

248
Q

Paralytic ileus (pseudo-obstruction)

A

Disruption in normal peristalsis, leading to potential blockage of bowel contents

249
Q

Borborygmi

A

Loud bowel sounds

250
Q

Annual fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is recommended for

A

colorectal cancer screening starting at age 45

251
Q

What can cause a false positive FOBT?

A

Red meat
Iron
Bismuth compounds
Steroids

252
Q

Colonoscopy is recommended

A

every 10 years

253
Q

Small-volume enemas are designed to be retained

A

up to 30 min

254
Q

Large-volume enemas can be used as

A

Treatment for constipation

Method of cleansing the bowel before radiologic studies or surgery of the intestines

255
Q

Return-flow enemas should be placed

A

12-18in above the rectum

256
Q

Gastric decompression is indicated for

A

Bowel obstruction
Paralytic ileus
Some GI surgeries

257
Q

Gastric lavage is indicated for

A

Accidental poisoning
Accidental/Intentional drug OD

258
Q

What is the treatment for fecal impaction?

A

Digital disimpaction, done by MD

259
Q

Most common cause of healthcare-acquired diarrhea.

A

C. diff

260
Q

Enema should be inserted how far?

A

Adults - 3-4 in
Children - 2-3 in

261
Q

The ability to perceive stimulation through the sensory organs that include the nose, eyes, and mouth

A

Sensation

262
Q

The process by which we receive, organize, and interpret the internal and external sensations

A

Perception

263
Q

Hyponatremia manifestations include

A

Abdominal cramping
Weakness
Confusion
Lethargyƒ
Headache
Nausea

264
Q

What is an exogenous HAI?

A

an infection acquired from pathogens outside the client’s body

265
Q

When removing PPE consisting of a gown, N95 respirator, gloves, and a face shield, which do you remove first when removing PPE seperately?

A

Gloves

ATI Review (1 decks)

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