Fundamentals

Question 1

Ammonium

Answer 1

NH4+

Question 2

Hydronium

Answer 2

H3O+

Question 3

Acetate (AcO-)

Answer 3

CH3CO2-

Question 4

Bicarbonate

Answer 4

HCO3-

Question 5

Cyanide

Answer 5

CN-

Question 6

Hydroxide

Answer 6

OH-

Question 7

Nitrate

Answer 7

NO3-

Question 8

Nitrite

Answer 8

NO2-

Question 9

Perchlorate

Answer 9

ClO4-

Question 10

Carbonate

Answer 10

CO3^2-

Question 11

Sulfate

Answer 11

SO4^2-

Question 12

Sulfite

Answer 12

SO3^2-

Question 13

mole formula

Answer 13

mole=mass in grams/molecular weight (MW)

Question 14

Molarity formula

Answer 14

M= # moles of solute/ # liters of solution

Question 15

mole fraction formula

Answer 15

mole fraction of S= # moles of substance S / total # moles in solution

Question 16

amino acid structure

Answer 16

Alpha amino group, tetrahedral alpha-carbon, alpha-carboxyl group, variable R group

Question 17

Two common types of covalent bonds between amino acids in proteins

Answer 17

peptide bond: link amino acids together into polypeptide chains
disulfide bridges: between cysteine R-groups

Question 18

Backbone of polypeptide

Answer 18

N-C-C-N-C-C

Question 19

Proteolysis or proteolytic cleavage

Answer 19

Hydrolysis of a protein

Question 20

Disulfide bridge

Answer 20

-Cysteine reacts with Cysteine (thiol groups (SH))
-plays an important role in stabilizing tertiary structures
-One double bond is formed, becomes cystines

Question 21

Denaturation

Answer 21

disruption of a proteins shape without breaking peptide bonds

Question 22

How can proteins be denatured?

Answer 22

Urea(disrupts hydrogen bonding), extremes of pH, extremes of temperature, changes in salt concentration (tonicity)

Question 23

Primary structure

Answer 23

-simplest level (amino acid sequence)
-linear
-peptide bond determines primary structure bc it links one amino acids to the next in polypeptide

Question 24

Secondary structure

Answer 24

-initial folding of a polypeptide chain into shapes
-shapes stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone NH and CO groups
-motifs: alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet

Question 25

Tertiary Structure

Answer 25

-interaction between amino acid residues more distant from each other in the polypeptide chain
-folding of secondary structures into higher order tertiary structures is driven by interactions of R-groups with each other and with the solvent (water)

Question 26

Quaternary Structure

Answer 26

-describes interactions between polypeptide subunits
-forces stabilizing include non-covalent interactions, van Der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, electrostatic interactions

Question 27

Carbohydrates can be broken down to what due to oxidation

Answer 27

CO2

Question 28

Monosaccharide formula

Answer 28

CnH2nOn

Question 29

glycosidic linkage

Answer 29

bond between two sugar molecules (covalent bond formed in a dehydration reaction that requires enzymatic catalysis)

Question 30

Carbohydrates function

Answer 30

principal energy source for cellular metabolism