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Pharmacology > Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

A

Drugs

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2
Q

Study or science of drugs

A

Pharmacology

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3
Q

Describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure

A

Chemical name

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4
Q

Name given by the United States Adopted Names Council

A

Generic name (nonproprietary name)

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5
Q

drug registered trademark; use
of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner (usually the manufacturer)

A

Trade name (proprietary name)

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6
Q

Drugs chemical composition, molecular structure

A

Chemical

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7
Q
  • Shorter than chemical name
  • Used as official listing of drugs
  • Written in a small letters
A

Generic

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8
Q
  • Registered trademark, “brand” name
  • Name is restricted to “owner” (company, ie, Merck)
  • Patent lasts 17 years
  • 10 years for research and development - 7 years of marketability
A

Trade

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9
Q

2 ways of Drug classification

A

❑structure (e.g., beta-adrenergic blockers)
❑therapeutic use (e.g., antibiotics, antihypertensives, antidepressants).

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10
Q

6 Pharmacologic Principles

A
  1. Pharmaceutics
  2. Pharmacokinetics
  3. Pharmacodynamics
  4. Pharmacotherapeutics
  5. Pharmacognosy
  6. Pharmacoeconomics
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11
Q

The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body

A

Pharmaceutics

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12
Q

The study of what the body does to the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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13
Q

4 things that pharmacokinetics does to our body

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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14
Q
  • The study of what the drug does to the body
  • It acts as The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues
  • Drug-receptor relationships
A

Pharmacodynamics

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15
Q

Phase of drug activity where it is ADMINISTRATION . Disintegration of dosage form dissolution of drug in the body

A

I pharmaceutical phase

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16
Q

Phase of drug activity where drug is available for ABSORPTION . Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion happens in this phase

A

II pharmacokinetic phase

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17
Q

Phase of drug activity where drug is available for ACTION. Drug-receptor interaction happens

A

III Pharmacodynamic phase

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18
Q

• focus on the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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19
Q

The study of natural (versus synthetic) drug sources (i.e., plant, animals, minerals)

A

Pharmacognosy

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20
Q

Type of drug dosage form that is coated

A

Enteric-coated tablets

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21
Q

Type of Drug dosage form that prolongs drug absorption & duration

A

Extended-release forms

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22
Q

Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of SR

A

Slow Release/Sustained Release

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23
Q

Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of SA

A

Sustained Action

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24
Q

Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of CR

A

Controlled Release

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25
Q

Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of XL

A

Extended Length

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26
Q

Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of XT

A

Extended Time

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27
Q

Two pharmaceutic phase

A

Disintegration and Dissolution

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28
Q

A drug’s — of administration affects the rate and extent of absorption of that drug

A

Route

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29
Q

3 types of drug route

A

Enteral (GI tract)
Parenteral
Topical

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30
Q

The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine

A

Enteral Route

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31
Q

4 types of enteral route

A

Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Rectal (can also be topical)

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32
Q

refers to applying topically to the mouth and swallowing for absorption along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into systemic circulation

A

Oral Route

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33
Q

— from the Latin “per os” is the abbreviation used to indicate oral route of medication administration

A

po

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34
Q

Advantages of Oral Route

A

Convenient
Absorption
Cheap

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35
Q

Disadvantages of Oral Route

A

Sometimes inefficient
First-pass effect
irritation to gastric mucosa

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36
Q

drugs absorbed orally are initially transported to the liver via the portal vein/circulation

A

First-pass effect

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37
Q

Oral Dosage Forms

A

tablets
capsules
liquids
solutions
suspensions
syrups
elixirs

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38
Q
  • where the dosage form is placed under the tongue
  • rapidly absorbed by sublingual mucosa
A

Sublingual administration

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39
Q
  • where form is placed between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal pouch) and is absorbed by buccal mucosa
A

Buccal Administration

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40
Q

Advantages of Buccal Route

A
  • Avoid first pass effect
  • Rapid absorption
  • Drug stability
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41
Q

Disadvantages of Buccal Route

A
  • Inconvenience
  • advantages lost if swallowed
  • Small dose limit
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42
Q

Advantages of Rectal Route

A
  • USED IN CHILDREN
  • LITTLE OR NO FIRST PASS EFFECT
  • USE IN VOMITING/UNCONSCIOUS
  • HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS RAPIDLY ACHIEVED
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43
Q

Disadvantages of rectal route

A
  • INCONVENIENT
  • ABSORPTION IS SLOW AND ERRATIC
  • IRRITATION OR INFLAMMATION OF RECTAL MUCOSA CAN OCCUR
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44
Q

6 parenteral route

A

Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intraarterial
Intraarticular

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45
Q

INTRAVENOUS ROUTE

A

BIOAVAILABILITY 100%
DESIRED BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVED
LARGE QUANTITIES
VOMITING & DIARRHEA
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
FIRST PASS AVOIDED

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46
Q

INTRAMUSULAR ROUTE

A

•ABSORPTION REASONABLY UNIFORM
• RAPID ONSET OF ACTION
• MILD IRRITANTS CAN BE GIVEN
• FIRST PASS AVOIDED

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47
Q

SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE

A

• Injected under the skin.
• Absorption is slow, so action is prolonged.

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48
Q

INTRA-ARTICULAR ROUTE

A

injections of antibiotics and corticosteroids are administered in inflamed joined cavities by experts.

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49
Q

INTRADERMAL ROUTE

A

• drug is given within skin layers(dermis)
• Painful
• Mainly used for testing sensitivity to drugs

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50
Q

INTRA-ARTERIAL ROUTE

A

•Rarely used
•Anticancer drugs are given for localized
effects
• Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular diseases

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51
Q

is the application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin

A

Topical Administration

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52
Q

administration of drugs to any membrane

A

Topical Administration

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53
Q

Topical Routes

A
  • eye
  • nose
  • ears
  • vagina
  • urethra
  • colon
  • lungs
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54
Q

Dose forms for topical administration of Skin

A

• creams
• ointments
• lotions
• gels
• transdermal patches
• disk

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55
Q

Dose forms for topical administration of eye or ear

A

• solutions
• suspensions
• ointments

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56
Q

Dose forms for topical administration of nose and lungs

A
  • sprays and powders
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57
Q

absorption of drug through skin (systemic action)

A

Transdermal

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58
Q

Advantages of transdermal

A

• stable blood levels
• no first pass metabolism
• drug must be potent or patch
becomes too large

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59
Q

A drug’s time to onset of action, time to peak effect, and duration of action

A

Pharmacokinetics

60
Q

Study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

61
Q

describes the way that a drug is released from its administered form.

A

Liberation

62
Q

formulated to release the medicinal drug without delay

A

Immediate

63
Q

formulated to release medicinal drug sometime after it is taken (usually orally)

A

Delayed

64
Q

formulated to make the drug available over an extended period

A

Extended

65
Q

Processes of drug absorption

A

Absorption

66
Q

3 major processes of absorption through GI membrane

A

Passive Absorption, Active Absorption, and Pinocytosis

67
Q

The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

A

Distribution

68
Q

Areas of rapid distribution

A

heart, liver, kidneys, brain

69
Q

Areas of slow distribution

A

muscle, skin, fat

70
Q

Protein-binding

A

Distribution

71
Q

The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite

A

Metabolism/Biotransformation

72
Q

Organs for metabolism

A

• Liver ( main organ )
• Skeletal muscle
• Kidneys
• Lungs
• Plasma
• Intestinal mucosa

73
Q

Factors that decrease metabolism

A
  • Cardiovascular dysfunction
  • Renal insufficiency
  • Starvation
  • Obstructive jaundice
74
Q

Factors that increase metabolism

A

Barbiturate therapy
Rifampin therapy
Phenytoin therapy

75
Q

The elimination of drugs from the body

A

Excretion

76
Q

Organs for excretion

A

Kidneys ( main organ )
Liver
Bowel

77
Q

primary processes involved in drug excretion and the approximate location where these processes take place in the kidney

A

Renal drug excretion

78
Q

The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body

A

Half-life

79
Q

A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body

A

Half-life

80
Q

Most drugs considered to be effectively removed after about five half-lives

A

Half-life

81
Q

2 Movement of Drugs Through the Body

A

Drug actions and drug effect

82
Q

The cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction

A

Drug actions

83
Q

The physiologic reaction of the body to the drug. It Includes onset, peak, and duration of action

A

Drug effect

84
Q

The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

A

Onset

85
Q

The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

A

Peak

86
Q

The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

A

Duration

87
Q

2 types of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

A

Peak level and trough level

88
Q

Highest blood level

A

Peak level

89
Q

Lowest blood level

A

Trough level

90
Q

— which means “medicine,”

A

Pharmaco

91
Q

— which means “change.”

A

Dynamics

92
Q

branch of pharmacology concerned with the mechanisms of drug action and the relationships between drug concentration and responses in the body.

A

Pharmacodynamics

93
Q

refers to how a drug changes the body.

A

Pharmacodynamics

94
Q

study of the way drugs affect the body

A

Mechanisms of Action

95
Q

3 interactions of mechanisms of action

A

Receptor interactions
Enzyme interactions
Nonselective interactions

96
Q

is the body’s physiologic response to changes in drug concentration at the site of action.

A

Dose-response relationship

97
Q

refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug.

A

Potency

98
Q

The point at which increasing a drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response

A

Maximal efficacy

99
Q

DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THERAPEUTIC DOSE OF A DRUG AND THE TOXIC DOSE OF A DRUG.

A

Therapeutic Index ( TI )

100
Q

is the time it takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after administration.

A

Onset

101
Q

occurs when it reaches its highest concentration in the blood.

A

drug’s peak

102
Q

is the length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect.

A

Duration of action

103
Q

The drug agonist that has an exact fit is a — and is more biologically active than weak agonist

A

Strong agonist

104
Q

occurs when the drug chemically binds to an enzyme molecule in such a way that it alters (inhibits or enhances) the enzyme’s interaction with its normal target molecules in the body.

A

Drug-enzyme interaction

105
Q

Drug binds to the receptor; there is a response.

A

Agonist

106
Q

Drug binds to the receptor; the response is diminished compared with that elicited by an agonist.

A

Partial Agonist

107
Q

Drug binds to the receptor; there is no response. Drug prevents binding of agonists.

A

Antagonist

108
Q

Drug competes with the agonist for binding to the receptor. If it binds, there is no response.

A

Competitive antagonist

109
Q

Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it; agonist then has no effect.

A

Non competitive antagonist

110
Q

do not interact with receptors or enzymes and the main targets are cell membranes and various cellular processes

A

Nonspecific drug effect

111
Q

receptors on the surface of cells that get activated when they bind a type of neurotransmitter called acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic receptors

112
Q

Cholinergic Receptors Are Located in the —

A

Bladder, Heart, Blood Vessels, Stomach, Bronchi, and Eyes.

113
Q

act at different receptors

A

Nonselective drug effect

114
Q

Three Different Receptors of nonselective drug effect

A

Alpha1, Beta1, and Beta2.

115
Q

Types of Therapies

A

Acute therapy
Maintenance therapy
Supplemental/replacement therapy Palliative therapy
Supportive therapy
Prophylactic therapy
Empiric therapy

116
Q

Any characteristic of the patient, especially a disease state, that makes the use of a given medication dangerous for the patient

A

Contraindications

117
Q

Evaluating the clinical response of the patient to the treatment

A

Monitoring

118
Q

One must be familiar with the drug’s:

A
  • Intended therapeutic action (beneficial)
  • Unintended but potential adverse effects (predictable, adverse drug reactions)
119
Q

ratio of a drug’s toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits)

A

Therapeutic Index

120
Q

drugs reach a certain concentration in the blood

A

Drug concentration

121
Q

patient’s concurrent diseases or other medical conditions

A

Patient’s condition

122
Q

decreasing response to repeated drug doses

A

Tolerance

123
Q

physiologic or psychological need for a drug.

A

Dependence

124
Q

physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms

A

Physical dependence

125
Q

obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug

A

Psychological dependence (known as addiction)

126
Q

alteration of the action of one drug by another

A

Drug interactions

127
Q

two drugs with similar actions are given together (1 + 1 = 2)

A

Additive effect

128
Q

two drugs administered together interact in which their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each drug given alone (1 + 1 = greater than 2).

A

synergistic effect

129
Q

occur when the combination of two drugs results in drug effects that are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately (1 + 1 = less than 2).

A

antagonistic effect

130
Q

two parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs.

A

Incompatibility

131
Q

any undesirable occurrence involving medications.

A

Adverse drug events

132
Q

preventable situation in which there is a compromise in the “Rights” of medication use

A

Medication error

133
Q

allergic reaction

A

Hypersensitivity reaction

134
Q

effects of drugs result in structural defects in the fetus.

A

Teratogenic

135
Q

Effects results to permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organisms and consist of alterations in chromosome structure

A

Mutagenic

136
Q

cancer-causing effects of drugs, other chemicals, radiation, and viruses.

A

Carcinogenic

137
Q

Four main sources for drugs

A

❑Plants
❑Animals
❑Minerals
❑Laboratory synthesis

138
Q

The study of poisons and unwanted responses to drugs and other chemicals

A

Toxicology

139
Q

•defines principles of drug actions—the cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

140
Q

•organized into pharmacologic classes (physiologic functions, disease states)

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

141
Q

It is a parenteral route that is injected to the venous circulation

A

Intravenous

142
Q

It is a parenteral route that is injected to the muscle of the body, commonly in upper arm

A

Intramuscular

143
Q

It is a parenteral route that is injected in the fatty tissue, just under the skin.

A

Subcutaneous

144
Q

It is a parenteral route that is injected into the dermis, just below the epidermis

A

Intradermal

145
Q

It is a parenteral route That is injected into the joint space

A

Intraarticular

146
Q

It is a parenteral route that is injected into artery

A

Intraarterial

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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