Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
A
Drugs
2
Q
Study or science of drugs
A
Pharmacology
3
Q
Describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure
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Chemical name
4
Q
Name given by the United States Adopted Names Council
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Generic name (nonproprietary name)
5
Q
drug registered trademark; use
of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner (usually the manufacturer)
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Trade name (proprietary name)
6
Q
Drugs chemical composition, molecular structure
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Chemical
7
Q
- Shorter than chemical name
- Used as official listing of drugs
- Written in a small letters
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Generic
8
Q
- Registered trademark, “brand” name
- Name is restricted to “owner” (company, ie, Merck)
- Patent lasts 17 years
- 10 years for research and development - 7 years of marketability
A
Trade
9
Q
2 ways of Drug classification
A
❑structure (e.g., beta-adrenergic blockers)
❑therapeutic use (e.g., antibiotics, antihypertensives, antidepressants).
10
Q
6 Pharmacologic Principles
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- Pharmaceutics
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacotherapeutics
- Pharmacognosy
- Pharmacoeconomics
11
Q
The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
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Pharmaceutics
12
Q
The study of what the body does to the drug
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Pharmacokinetics
13
Q
4 things that pharmacokinetics does to our body
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Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
14
Q
- The study of what the drug does to the body
- It acts as The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues
- Drug-receptor relationships
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Pharmacodynamics
15
Q
Phase of drug activity where it is ADMINISTRATION . Disintegration of dosage form dissolution of drug in the body
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I pharmaceutical phase
16
Q
Phase of drug activity where drug is available for ABSORPTION . Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion happens in this phase
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II pharmacokinetic phase
17
Q
Phase of drug activity where drug is available for ACTION. Drug-receptor interaction happens
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III Pharmacodynamic phase
18
Q
• focus on the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
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Pharmacotherapeutics
19
Q
The study of natural (versus synthetic) drug sources (i.e., plant, animals, minerals)
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Pharmacognosy
20
Q
Type of drug dosage form that is coated
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Enteric-coated tablets
21
Q
Type of Drug dosage form that prolongs drug absorption & duration
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Extended-release forms
22
Q
Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of SR
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Slow Release/Sustained Release
23
Q
Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of SA
A
Sustained Action
24
Q
Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of CR
A
Controlled Release
25
Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of XL
Extended Length
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Type of Extended-release form with an abbreviation of XT
Extended Time
27
Two pharmaceutic phase
Disintegration and Dissolution
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A drug’s — of administration affects the rate and extent of absorption of that drug
Route
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3 types of drug route
Enteral (GI tract)
Parenteral
Topical
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The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine
Enteral Route
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4 types of enteral route
Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Rectal (can also be topical)
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refers to applying topically to the mouth and swallowing for absorption along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into systemic circulation
Oral Route
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— from the Latin “per os” is the abbreviation used to indicate oral route of medication administration
po
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Advantages of Oral Route
Convenient
Absorption
Cheap
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Disadvantages of Oral Route
Sometimes inefficient
First-pass effect
irritation to gastric mucosa
36
drugs absorbed orally are initially transported to the liver via the portal vein/circulation
First-pass effect
37
Oral Dosage Forms
tablets
capsules
liquids
solutions
suspensions
syrups
elixirs
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- where the dosage form is placed under the tongue
- rapidly absorbed by sublingual mucosa
Sublingual administration
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- where form is placed between gums and inner lining of the cheek (buccal pouch) and is absorbed by buccal mucosa
Buccal Administration
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Advantages of Buccal Route
- Avoid first pass effect
- Rapid absorption
- Drug stability
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Disadvantages of Buccal Route
- Inconvenience
- advantages lost if swallowed
- Small dose limit
42
Advantages of Rectal Route
- USED IN CHILDREN
- LITTLE OR NO FIRST PASS EFFECT
- USE IN VOMITING/UNCONSCIOUS
- HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS RAPIDLY ACHIEVED
43
Disadvantages of rectal route
- INCONVENIENT
- ABSORPTION IS SLOW AND ERRATIC
- IRRITATION OR INFLAMMATION OF RECTAL MUCOSA CAN OCCUR
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6 parenteral route
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intraarterial
Intraarticular
45
INTRAVENOUS ROUTE
BIOAVAILABILITY 100%
DESIRED BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVED
LARGE QUANTITIES
VOMITING & DIARRHEA
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
FIRST PASS AVOIDED
46
INTRAMUSULAR ROUTE
•ABSORPTION REASONABLY UNIFORM
• RAPID ONSET OF ACTION
• MILD IRRITANTS CAN BE GIVEN
• FIRST PASS AVOIDED
47
SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE
• Injected under the skin.
• Absorption is slow, so action is prolonged.
48
INTRA-ARTICULAR ROUTE
injections of antibiotics and corticosteroids are administered in inflamed joined cavities by experts.
49
INTRADERMAL ROUTE
• drug is given within skin layers(dermis)
• Painful
• Mainly used for testing sensitivity to drugs
50
INTRA-ARTERIAL ROUTE
•Rarely used
•Anticancer drugs are given for localized
effects
• Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular diseases
51
is the application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin
Topical Administration
52
administration of drugs to any membrane
Topical Administration
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Topical Routes
- eye
- nose
- ears
- vagina
- urethra
- colon
- lungs
54
Dose forms for topical administration of Skin
• creams
• ointments
• lotions
• gels
• transdermal patches
• disk
55
Dose forms for topical administration of eye or ear
• solutions
• suspensions
• ointments
56
Dose forms for topical administration of nose and lungs
- sprays and powders
57
absorption of drug through skin (systemic action)
Transdermal
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Advantages of transdermal
• stable blood levels
• no first pass metabolism
• drug must be potent or patch
becomes too large
59
A drug’s time to onset of action, time to peak effect, and duration of action
Pharmacokinetics
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Study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body
Pharmacokinetics
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describes the way that a drug is released from its administered form.
Liberation
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formulated to release the medicinal drug without delay
Immediate
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formulated to release medicinal drug sometime after it is taken (usually orally)
Delayed
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formulated to make the drug available over an extended period
Extended
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Processes of drug absorption
Absorption
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3 major processes of absorption through GI membrane
Passive Absorption, Active Absorption, and Pinocytosis
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The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
Distribution
68
Areas of rapid distribution
heart, liver, kidneys, brain
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Areas of slow distribution
muscle, skin, fat
70
Protein-binding
Distribution
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The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
Metabolism/Biotransformation
72
Organs for metabolism
• Liver ( main organ )
• Skeletal muscle
• Kidneys
• Lungs
• Plasma
• Intestinal mucosa
73
Factors that decrease metabolism
- Cardiovascular dysfunction
- Renal insufficiency
- Starvation
- Obstructive jaundice
74
Factors that increase metabolism
Barbiturate therapy
Rifampin therapy
Phenytoin therapy
75
The elimination of drugs from the body
Excretion
76
Organs for excretion
Kidneys ( main organ )
Liver
Bowel
77
primary processes involved in drug excretion and the approximate location where these processes take place in the kidney
Renal drug excretion
78
The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body
Half-life
79
A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body
Half-life
80
Most drugs considered to be effectively removed after about five half-lives
Half-life
81
2 Movement of Drugs Through the Body
Drug actions and drug effect
82
The cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction
Drug actions
83
The physiologic reaction of the body to the drug. It Includes onset, peak, and duration of action
Drug effect
84
The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
Onset
85
The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
Peak
86
The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response
Duration
87
2 types of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Peak level and trough level
88
Highest blood level
Peak level
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Lowest blood level
Trough level
90
— which means “medicine,”
Pharmaco
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— which means “change.”
Dynamics
92
branch of pharmacology concerned with the mechanisms of drug action and the relationships between drug concentration and responses in the body.
Pharmacodynamics
93
refers to how a drug changes the body.
Pharmacodynamics
94
study of the way drugs affect the body
Mechanisms of Action
95
3 interactions of mechanisms of action
Receptor interactions
Enzyme interactions
Nonselective interactions
96
is the body’s physiologic response to changes in drug concentration at the site of action.
Dose-response relationship
97
refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug.
Potency
98
The point at which increasing a drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response
Maximal efficacy
99
DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THERAPEUTIC DOSE OF A DRUG AND THE TOXIC DOSE OF A DRUG.
Therapeutic Index ( TI )
100
is the time it takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after administration.
Onset
101
occurs when it reaches its highest concentration in the blood.
drug’s peak
102
is the length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect.
Duration of action
103
The drug agonist that has an exact fit is a — and is more biologically active than weak agonist
Strong agonist
104
occurs when the drug chemically binds to an enzyme molecule in such a way that it alters (inhibits or enhances) the enzyme’s interaction with its normal target molecules in the body.
Drug-enzyme interaction
105
Drug binds to the receptor; there is a response.
Agonist
106
Drug binds to the receptor; the response is diminished compared with that elicited by an agonist.
Partial Agonist
107
Drug binds to the receptor; there is no response. Drug prevents binding of agonists.
Antagonist
108
Drug competes with the agonist for binding to the receptor. If it binds, there is no response.
Competitive antagonist
109
Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it; agonist then has no effect.
Non competitive antagonist
110
do not interact with receptors or enzymes and the main targets are cell membranes and various cellular processes
Nonspecific drug effect
111
receptors on the surface of cells that get activated when they bind a type of neurotransmitter called acetylcholine
Cholinergic receptors
112
Cholinergic Receptors Are Located in the —
Bladder, Heart, Blood Vessels, Stomach, Bronchi, and Eyes.
113
act at different receptors
Nonselective drug effect
114
Three Different Receptors of nonselective drug effect
Alpha1, Beta1, and Beta2.
115
Types of Therapies
Acute therapy
Maintenance therapy
Supplemental/replacement therapy Palliative therapy
Supportive therapy
Prophylactic therapy
Empiric therapy
116
Any characteristic of the patient, especially a disease state, that makes the use of a given medication dangerous for the patient
Contraindications
117
Evaluating the clinical response of the patient to the treatment
Monitoring
118
One must be familiar with the drug’s:
- Intended therapeutic action (beneficial)
- Unintended but potential adverse effects (predictable, adverse drug reactions)
119
ratio of a drug’s toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits)
Therapeutic Index
120
drugs reach a certain concentration in the blood
Drug concentration
121
patient’s concurrent diseases or other medical conditions
Patient’s condition
122
decreasing response to repeated drug doses
Tolerance
123
physiologic or psychological need for a drug.
Dependence
124
physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms
Physical dependence
125
obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug
Psychological dependence (known as addiction)
126
alteration of the action of one drug by another
Drug interactions
127
two drugs with similar actions are given together (1 + 1 = 2)
Additive effect
128
two drugs administered together interact in which their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each drug given alone (1 + 1 = greater than 2).
synergistic effect
129
occur when the combination of two drugs results in drug effects that are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately (1 + 1 = less than 2).
antagonistic effect
130
two parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs.
Incompatibility
131
any undesirable occurrence involving medications.
Adverse drug events
132
preventable situation in which there is a compromise in the “Rights” of medication use
Medication error
133
allergic reaction
Hypersensitivity reaction
134
effects of drugs result in structural defects in the fetus.
Teratogenic
135
Effects results to permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organisms and consist of alterations in chromosome structure
Mutagenic
136
cancer-causing effects of drugs, other chemicals, radiation, and viruses.
Carcinogenic
137
Four main sources for drugs
❑Plants
❑Animals
❑Minerals
❑Laboratory synthesis
138
The study of poisons and unwanted responses to drugs and other chemicals
Toxicology
139
•defines principles of drug actions—the cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules
Pharmacotherapeutics
140
•organized into pharmacologic classes (physiologic functions, disease states)
Pharmacotherapeutics
141
It is a parenteral route that is injected to the venous circulation
Intravenous
142
It is a parenteral route that is injected to the muscle of the body, commonly in upper arm
Intramuscular
143
It is a parenteral route that is injected in the fatty tissue, just under the skin.
Subcutaneous
144
It is a parenteral route that is injected into the dermis, just below the epidermis
Intradermal
145
It is a parenteral route That is injected into the joint space
Intraarticular
146
It is a parenteral route that is injected into artery
Intraarterial
