fundamental concepts Flashcards
fundamental concepts
motor control
motor learning
motor development
who cares about motor development and why?
-educators–> which practices work best for students and developmentally appropriate
-therapists–> what factors work best at differ points in lifespan
-engineers/designers–> knowing changes that occur so that can design/change world around
-health care providers–> how does movement in early life affect health later in life
what are the 3 definitive characterists of motor development?
- functional capacity
- sequential change
- age related but NOT age dependent
the capability to exist–> to live, move, and work irl
functional capacity
the continuous process of change in functional capacity is a ______ type of process. meaning?
cumulative; we are always developing, but sometimes changes are more or less noticeable–> it is the overall ability to function
Motor development requires sequential change, what does this mean?
there are predictable patterns of development and one step leads to the next in an orderly and irreversible fashion
motor development is age related but not age dependent, what does this mean?
-may be faster or slower at different times
-rate may differ among individuals are same age
-humans do not advance in age and development at same time
-development does not stop at particular age and is continuous
example of motor control when striking a baseball
nervous system control over muscles and coordinate movement
example of motor learning when striking a baseball
adjusting the bat or altering schedule leads to change in skill level
example of motor development when striking a baseball
development of batting change overtime with physical growth and maturation
motor development is the development of _____
skill
development of skill is the goal of motor development, but that is directly tied into
- physical growth
- maturation
- aging
physical growth refers to
the quantitative increase in size or magnitude
when does physical growth start and end?
conception to late adolescence/early 20s
yes physical growth is the measure of size but this does not include measuring
muscle mass (do not study leg day or gym muscle increase)
the progression towards physical maturity–> the ability to reproduce and all of body’s systems integrated
maturation
broad term definition of aging
growing older in terms of chronological age
aging more specifically means
changes that lead to loss of adaptability and function and then death
why has the study of aging recently become more important?
people are living longer, so need to learn more about older aging processes
by 2030, __ of the world’s population will be 65+, compared to 2015 at __, 2000 at __, and 1930 at __
15%, 8%, 6%, 1%
motor development falls along a continuum of life stages. what are all the stages that make up the continuum?
prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, late childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle age, older adults
what is the traditional method when it comes to studying motor development along the continuum
pick one period and research that in isolation
which type of approach when studying the continuum of motor development is the best to get a holistic understanding
developmental approach
Newell’s Model of Constraints
movement at all points in life arises from the interaction of (newell’s model of constraints)
- task
- individual
- environment
compel or force to follow a particular course of action OR
severely restrict the scope, extent, or activity of
constrain
constraints in motor development are not good or bad, they define …
how movement arises throughout development by either limiting or permitting
what defines task constraint
the goals of the movement, rules, and equipment
(e.g. goal is to shoot the ball, rule is to dribble the ball, equipment is the use of a basketball)
what defines individual constraint
structural- human body structure (e.g. height) and functional- behavior (e.g. the want to do it)
what defines environment constraint
outside of the body and physical (e.g. weather, location) sociocultural (e.g. social norm)
how to determine the difference between age-related development/change and fluctuation of behavior?
using a measuring technique:
-observe movement/behavior over time
-describe differences of people of differ age groups
-plotting change over time
plotting development allows us to…
-compare individuals with average and adjust expectations accordingly
-shows growth patterns are predictable/consistent NOT linear
-shows rapid change/plateau change
-sigmoid curve
-shows developmental trajectory
3 types of researching developmental change designs
- longitudinal
- cross-sectional
- mixed longitudinal (sequential)
what type of research design is when you watch individual/group over time–> requires lengthy observation (years, decades)
longitudinal
what type of research design is when you take individuals/groups at chosen points in age of interested and compared (not actually observed but inferred from results)
cross-sectional
what type of research design is smaller time periods of observation with overlapping ages
mixed longitudinal
type of research method that allows researcher to “pool” smaller studies–> stat technique that combine individual studies into one more general to estimate effect
meta analysis
type of research method where many studies on a topic are compared and contrasted–> can point out conflicts and highlight common findings
review paper
paradox in development
universality vs variability
individuals in a species show great similarity in development vs individual differences–> above or below average yet can still arrive at same point by different pathways
universality vs variability
what must motor developmentalists must consider because of the development paradox?
an individual’s behavior in the CONTEXT of both universal behaviors and individual difference
what helps us distinguish between universal behaviors and behaviors that reflect human variability
research
universal behaviors
individual differences
put in quiz questions
