Fundamental Chemistry

Question 1

What is an atom made up of?

Answer 1

A nucleus and energy levels (shells)

Question 2

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 2

Proton and neutrons

Question 3

What do energy levels contain?

Answer 3

Electrons

Question 4

What is the relative mass of a proton?

Answer 4

1

Question 5

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

Answer 5

1

Question 6

What is the relative mass of an electron?

Answer 6

negligible

Question 7

What is the relative charge of a proton?

Answer 7

+1

Question 8

What is the relative charge of a neutron?

Answer 8

0

Question 9

What is the relative charge of an electron?

Answer 9

-1

Question 10

What is the overall charge of an atom

Answer 10

0

Question 11

Why is the overall charge of atom 0?

Answer 11

There are equal numbers of protons and electrons therefore the charges cancel out

Question 12

What does the number of energy levels =?

Answer 12

Period number of the element

Question 13

What does the number of electrons in the outer energy level =?

Answer 13

Group number of the element

Question 14

What is the mass number?

Answer 14

Sum of protons and neutrons

Question 15

What is the proton number?

Answer 15

Number of protons in an electron

Question 16

What is the number of electrons equal to?

Answer 16

Number of protons

Question 17

How do you calculate the number of neutrons?

Answer 17

Mass number - proton number

Question 18

What are isotopes?

Answer 18

Atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

Question 19

What is different about isotopes?

Answer 19

Mass number because the number of neutrons changes so they have different masses and therefore a slight variance in physical properties

Question 20

What is the mass number of an isotope referred to as?

Answer 20

Relative isotopic mass

Question 21

What is the same about isotopes?

Answer 21

Their chemical properties because their electron configuration doesn’t change

Question 22

What shows the existence of isotopes?

Answer 22

Mass spectroscopy

Question 23

What does Mass Spectroscopy calculate?

Answer 23

Ar - relative atomic mass

Question 24

What does Ar take into account?

Answer 24

The relative isotopic masses and their relative abundances

Question 25

What is an ion?

Answer 25

An atom or molecule with a net electronic charge due to a loss or gain of electrons

Question 26

Why do ions form?

Answer 26

They form as the loss/gain of electrons provides electronic stability by creating a 'full' outer energy level

Question 27

What do metals tend to form?

Answer 27

positive ions

Question 28

What are positive ions?

Answer 28

cations

Question 29

Why do metals form cations?

Answer 29

Because they tend to have few electrons in their outer energy level, it is therefore easier for them to lose electrons

Question 30

What do non-metals tend to form?

Answer 30

negative ions

Question 31

What are negative ions?

Answer 31

anions

Question 32

Why do non-metals form anions?

Answer 32

Because they tend to have many electrons in their outer energy level, it is therefore easier for them to gain electrons. There are exceptions e.g. H^+

Question 33

What ionic charge do group 1 metals form?

Answer 33

1+

Question 34

What ionic charge do group 2 metals form?

Answer 34

2+

Question 35

What are some cation examples?

Answer 35

Al^3+, Ag^+, Zn^2+, Pb^2+, Cu^+, Cu^2+, Fe^2+, Fe^3+, K^+, Mg^2+

Question 36

What ionic charge do group 7 non-metals form?

Answer 36

1-

Question 37

What ionic charge do group 6 non-metals form?

Answer 37

2-

Question 38

What ionic charge do group 5 non-metals form?

Answer 38

3-

Question 39

Give anion examples

Answer 39

Cl^-, O^2-, N^3-

Question 40

What do transition metals have?

Answer 40

Variable oxidation states

Question 41

What is an ammonium ion?

Answer 41

NH4^+

Question 42

What is the charge on an ammonium ion?

Answer 42

+

Question 43

What is a hydronium ion?

Answer 43

H3O^+

Question 44

What is the charge on a hydronium ion?

Answer 44

+

Question 45

What is a hydroxide ion?

Answer 45

OH^-

Question 46

What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?

Answer 46

-

Question 47

What is a nitrate ion?

Answer 47

NO3^-

Question 48

What is the charge on a nitrate ion?

Answer 48

-

Question 49

What is a cyanide ion?

Answer 49

CN^-

Question 50

What is the charge on a cyanide ion?

Answer 50

-

Question 51

What is a carbonate ion?

Answer 51

CO3^2-

Question 52

What is the charge on a carbonate ion?

Answer 52

2-

Question 53

What is a sulphate ion?

Answer 53

SO4^2-

Question 54

What is the charge on a sulphate ion?

Answer 54

2-

Question 55

What is a phosphate ion?

Answer 55

PO4^3-

Question 56

What is the charge on a phosphate ion?

Answer 56

3-

Question 57

What is a molecular ion?

Answer 57

A covalent non-metal compound with an overall charge

Question 58

What doesn't change when ions forms?

Answer 58

The number of protons or neutrons

Question 59

What are the 3 steps for writing a formulae?

Answer 59

- Write doen all ions- Balance the charges by adding ions- Remove charges and write the formula

Question 60

What sound all charges add up to in a formula?

Answer 60

0

Question 61

What do you change when balancing?

Answer 61

The big numbers

Question 62

What do you not change when balancing?

Answer 62

The small numbers

Question 63

What is the method for balancing equations?

Answer 63

- Check the formulae- Balance the metals first- Give it a go- Practise

Question 64

What does stoichiometry give?

Answer 64

The relative quantitative relationships between substances in a chemical equation

Question 65

What does stoichiometry allow you to work out?

Answer 65

The amount of substance if only one is known