Fund. Of Nutrition Flashcards
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Indirect method of determining a person’s “fatness” based on their weight and height.
BMI = Weight (kg) / (Height (m) )^2
BMI < 18.5 = underweight , 18.5 - 25 = healthy , 25 - 30 = overweight , >30 = Obese
Food Pyramid guidelines
Get 10-15% calories from PROTEIN
25-35 % calories from FAT
And the rest from CARBS
-emphasize unprocessed carbs, whole grains, fruits/veggies
Essential Amino Acids
AAs (10) obtained from the diet, not able to de novo synthesize.
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys
Mnemonic: PVT TIM HALL
Non-essential AA
The AA’s (10) that can be synthesized de novo.
Alanine, Asparagine, Glutamate, Glycine, Cystine, Aspartate, Glutamine, Tyr, Proline, Serine
Mnemonic: Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Getting Taken Prom Shopping
Duodenum
Proximal small intestine.
Fat, sugars, Iron, peptides/AA, Folate, Calcium, water, electrolytes.
Jejunum
Middle small intestine
Sugars, peptides/AA, calcium, water, electrolytes. Same as duodenum but no iron/folate
Ileum
Distal small intestine
Bile acids, Vitamin B12, water, electrolytes
Hepatic Portal System
Digested products absorbed into HPS to be directed toward the liver
Crohn Disease
Autoimmune Disease causing chronic inflammation/damage to bowel mucosa. Distal ileum most frequently affected. There is malabsorption in the affected area causing nutritional deficiency —> Bile acid and vitamin B12 are not taken up. Malabsorption of fat and Vitamin B12 deficiency.
K+ and Mg2+ food source
Meats, vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes
Na+ food source
Food of animal origin, and in salt.
Ca2+ food source
Milk/dairy products, soy-beans, dark green vegetables (kale, broccoli, spinach).
Phosphate food source
Dairy products, wheat, bran, beans, walnuts
Lipid soluble Vitamins
Retinol (A), Retinoic Acid (A), Calcitriol (D), Vitamin K, Vitamin E
Mnemonic: ADEK
Water soluble vitamins
Thiamine (B1) , Riboflavin (B2) , Niacin (B3) , Pantothenic Acid (B5) , Pyridoxine (B6) , Biotin (B7) , Folic Acid (B9) , Cobalamin (B12) , Ascorbate (C)
B1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and C
Thiamine (B1)
Coenzyme form: Thiamine pyrophosphate
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (glycolysis, TCA)
- a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA)
- Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (MSUD)
Deficiency from: Alcoholism —-> interferes with absorption
Clinical Manifestations: Wernick’s, Korsakoff’s, Dry/wet beriberi
Riboflavin (B2)
Coenzyme forms: FAD/FMN
- Coenzyme for several dehydrogenases
- involved in oxidation/reduction reactions
Deficiency from poor diet or malabsorption syndromes
Clinical manifestations: Corneal neovascularization, magenta-colored tongue
Niacin (B3)
Coenzyme forms: NAD(H) and NADP(H)
- Coenyzme for many dehydrogenases
- Synthesized from Tryptophan
Deficiency from:
- Hartnups disease —> Tryptophan deficiency —> Niacin Deficiency
- Malnutrition —> Pellegra (Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis, Death)
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Synthesis of coenzyme A:
- Pyruvate —> TCA cycle
- a-ketoglutarate —-> Succinyl-CoA
- Fatty acid metabolism
- Cholesterol Synthesis
Required for acylation and acetylation - enzyme movement, activation, deactivation.
Deficiency from extreme starvation
Dermatitis, numbness, hypoglycemia
Pyridoxine (B6)
Converted to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in the body - Coenzyme for Transaminases
Deficiency from isoniazid therapy
Sideroblastic anemia (iron not incorporated in heme), stomatitis, convulsions
Biotin (B7)
Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes
- Gluconeogenesis: Pyruvate Carboxylase (Pyruvate —> Oxalo)
- Fatty acid synthesis: Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (acetyl —> malonyl)
- Odd carbon FA synthesis: Propionyl CoA carboxylase
Deficiency from excessive consumption of raw eggs (contain avidin, biotin-binding protein)
Rashes, bowel inflammation, muscle pain
Folic Acid (B9)
Coenzyme form: Tetrahydrofolate
-Thymidylate synthase (pyramiding synthesis)
Deficiency from
- alcoholism and pregnancy. Neural tube defect in pregnancy.
- Side effect of certain drugs: methotrexate, sulfonamides
Homocysteinemia, macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
Cobalamin (B12)
Converted to coenzyme methyl- or deoxyadenosyl cobalamin.
-Homocysteine methyltransferase (homocysteine —> methionine)
Deficiency from:
- Pernicious anemia
- Chronic pancreatitis
- long-term vegetarian diet
Megaloblastic anemia, neuropathies, homocysteinemia
Ascorbate (Vitamin C)
Cofactor for:
- Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dopamine —> norepinephrine)
- Prolyl and Lysyl hydroxylases (collagen synthesis)
Enhances Fe absorption and is an antioxidant
Dietary deficiency: devoid of citrus fruits and green vegetables
Scurvy: poor wound healing, easy bruising, bleeding gums, anemia
