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MCM - Rusheil > Fund. Of Nutrition > Flashcards

Fund. Of Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

Indirect method of determining a person’s “fatness” based on their weight and height.

BMI = Weight (kg) / (Height (m) )^2

BMI < 18.5 = underweight , 18.5 - 25 = healthy , 25 - 30 = overweight , >30 = Obese

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2
Q

Food Pyramid guidelines

A

Get 10-15% calories from PROTEIN
25-35 % calories from FAT
And the rest from CARBS
-emphasize unprocessed carbs, whole grains, fruits/veggies

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3
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

AAs (10) obtained from the diet, not able to de novo synthesize.

Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys

Mnemonic: PVT TIM HALL

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4
Q

Non-essential AA

A

The AA’s (10) that can be synthesized de novo.

Alanine, Asparagine, Glutamate, Glycine, Cystine, Aspartate, Glutamine, Tyr, Proline, Serine

Mnemonic: Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Getting Taken Prom Shopping

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5
Q

Duodenum

A

Proximal small intestine.

Fat, sugars, Iron, peptides/AA, Folate, Calcium, water, electrolytes.

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6
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle small intestine

Sugars, peptides/AA, calcium, water, electrolytes. Same as duodenum but no iron/folate

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7
Q

Ileum

A

Distal small intestine

Bile acids, Vitamin B12, water, electrolytes

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8
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

Digested products absorbed into HPS to be directed toward the liver

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9
Q

Crohn Disease

A

Autoimmune Disease causing chronic inflammation/damage to bowel mucosa. Distal ileum most frequently affected. There is malabsorption in the affected area causing nutritional deficiency —> Bile acid and vitamin B12 are not taken up. Malabsorption of fat and Vitamin B12 deficiency.

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10
Q

K+ and Mg2+ food source

A

Meats, vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes

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11
Q

Na+ food source

A

Food of animal origin, and in salt.

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12
Q

Ca2+ food source

A

Milk/dairy products, soy-beans, dark green vegetables (kale, broccoli, spinach).

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13
Q

Phosphate food source

A

Dairy products, wheat, bran, beans, walnuts

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14
Q

Lipid soluble Vitamins

A

Retinol (A), Retinoic Acid (A), Calcitriol (D), Vitamin K, Vitamin E

Mnemonic: ADEK

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15
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

Thiamine (B1) , Riboflavin (B2) , Niacin (B3) , Pantothenic Acid (B5) , Pyridoxine (B6) , Biotin (B7) , Folic Acid (B9) , Cobalamin (B12) , Ascorbate (C)

B1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and C

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16
Q

Thiamine (B1)

A

Coenzyme form: Thiamine pyrophosphate

  • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (glycolysis, TCA)
  • a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA)
  • Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (MSUD)

Deficiency from: Alcoholism —-> interferes with absorption

Clinical Manifestations: Wernick’s, Korsakoff’s, Dry/wet beriberi

17
Q

Riboflavin (B2)

A

Coenzyme forms: FAD/FMN

  • Coenzyme for several dehydrogenases
  • involved in oxidation/reduction reactions

Deficiency from poor diet or malabsorption syndromes

Clinical manifestations: Corneal neovascularization, magenta-colored tongue

18
Q

Niacin (B3)

A

Coenzyme forms: NAD(H) and NADP(H)

  • Coenyzme for many dehydrogenases
  • Synthesized from Tryptophan

Deficiency from:

  • Hartnups disease —> Tryptophan deficiency —> Niacin Deficiency
  • Malnutrition —> Pellegra (Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis, Death)
19
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

A

Synthesis of coenzyme A:

  • Pyruvate —> TCA cycle
  • a-ketoglutarate —-> Succinyl-CoA
  • Fatty acid metabolism
  • Cholesterol Synthesis

Required for acylation and acetylation - enzyme movement, activation, deactivation.

Deficiency from extreme starvation

Dermatitis, numbness, hypoglycemia

20
Q

Pyridoxine (B6)

A

Converted to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in the body - Coenzyme for Transaminases

Deficiency from isoniazid therapy

Sideroblastic anemia (iron not incorporated in heme), stomatitis, convulsions

21
Q

Biotin (B7)

A

Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes

  • Gluconeogenesis: Pyruvate Carboxylase (Pyruvate —> Oxalo)
  • Fatty acid synthesis: Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (acetyl —> malonyl)
  • Odd carbon FA synthesis: Propionyl CoA carboxylase

Deficiency from excessive consumption of raw eggs (contain avidin, biotin-binding protein)

Rashes, bowel inflammation, muscle pain

22
Q

Folic Acid (B9)

A

Coenzyme form: Tetrahydrofolate
-Thymidylate synthase (pyramiding synthesis)

Deficiency from

  • alcoholism and pregnancy. Neural tube defect in pregnancy.
  • Side effect of certain drugs: methotrexate, sulfonamides

Homocysteinemia, macrocytic megaloblastic anemia

23
Q

Cobalamin (B12)

A

Converted to coenzyme methyl- or deoxyadenosyl cobalamin.
-Homocysteine methyltransferase (homocysteine —> methionine)

Deficiency from:

  • Pernicious anemia
  • Chronic pancreatitis
  • long-term vegetarian diet

Megaloblastic anemia, neuropathies, homocysteinemia

24
Q

Ascorbate (Vitamin C)

A

Cofactor for:

  • Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dopamine —> norepinephrine)
  • Prolyl and Lysyl hydroxylases (collagen synthesis)

Enhances Fe absorption and is an antioxidant

Dietary deficiency: devoid of citrus fruits and green vegetables

Scurvy: poor wound healing, easy bruising, bleeding gums, anemia

25
Q

Vitamin A

A

Main function: Vision and maintenance of epithelium.

Structures: Retinol, Retinoic Acid, Retinal

Epithelial Maintenance: Retinol/Retinoic acid —> bind to intracellular receptor —> Regulate transcription through specific response elements —> normal differentiation of epithelial cells

Deficiency from:

  • Extreme malnutrition
  • Fat malabsorption and liver cirrhosis

Night blindness, frequent infections, follicular hyperkeratosis

26
Q

Vitamin A and vision

A
  • Transfers opsin in rod cells to rhodopsin.
  • In dark, Glutamate is released.
  • Glutamate —> inhibits bipolar cells

Light —> activation of enzyme that decreases cGMP —> stop glutamate release —> bipolar cell stimulation —> signal initiation

Deficiency: Night blindness

27
Q

Vitamin D

A

Forms:

  • Vitamin D3: sun exposure or Vit D-fortified milk
  • Calcifediol: Storage form in liver
  • Calcitriol: active vitamin D, formed in kidney in response to parathyroid hormone function (when blood Ca2+ increases)

Function:

  • Kidney: Stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ and secretion of phosphate
  • Bone: osteoclast activation —> bone resorption

Rickets, osetomalacia

MCM - Rusheil (6 decks)

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