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Heart > Functions Of The Heart > Flashcards

Functions Of The Heart Flashcards

0
Q

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. What is this area called?

A

Mediastinum

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1
Q

What cavity is the heart located?

A

Thoracic

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2
Q

What membrane encloses the heart?

A

Pericardial

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardial membrane?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium

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4
Q

Which pericardium membrane is the outermost?

A

Fibrous

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5
Q

Which pericardium layer lines the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal

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6
Q

Which pericardial later is on the surface of the heart muscle?

A

Visceral

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7
Q

What is the other name for visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

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8
Q

What lies beneath the parietal and visceral areas that prevents friction when the heart beats

A

Serous fluid

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9
Q

What is cardiac muscle called

A

Myocardium

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10
Q

What are the unit of contraction and contain the proteins myosin actin and troponin

A

Sarcomeres

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11
Q

What lines the chambers of the heart

A

Endocardium (simple squamous epithelium)

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12
Q

The lining of the vessels

A

Endothelium

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13
Q

What important physical characteristic does the endocardium have

A

Smoothness

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14
Q

What does the smoothness of the endocardium prevent

A

Blood clots

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15
Q

What are the 2 upper chambers of the heart

A

Atria

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16
Q

What are the 2 Lower chambers of the heart

A

Ventricles

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17
Q

Which walls of the heart are thinner

A

Atria

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18
Q

What wall separates the atria

A

Interatrial septum (made of myocardium)

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19
Q

What wall separates the ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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20
Q

Which wall receive blood

Which walls pump blood

A

Atria

Ventricles

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21
Q

What veins return blood from the body to the right atrium

A

Cabal veins

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22
Q

What carries blood from the upper body

What carries blood from the lower body

A

Superior vena cave

Inferior

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23
Q

What valve will blood flow thru from the right atrium into the right ventricle

A

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)

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24
Q

From where does the left atrium receive blood

By way of what veins

A

Lungs

Pulmonary

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25
Q

What valve does the blood flow through from the left atrium to the left ventricle

A

Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)

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26
Q

Hat hormone does the atrium produce for BP maintenance

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP

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27
Q

What valve lies at the junction of the pulmonary artery and right ventricle

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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28
Q

What type of muscles lie in the lower portion of the right ventricle

A

Papillary

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29
Q

What fibrous connective tissue extends from the papillary muscles (in right ventricle) to the flaps of the tricuspid valve

A

Chordae tendineae

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30
Q

What does the chordate tendineae prevent

A

Inversion of the tricuspid valve

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31
Q

What is the largest artery of the body

A

Aorta

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32
Q

Which ventricle pumps blood to the body through the aorta

A

Left ventricle

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33
Q

What valve lies at the junction of the aorta and the left ventricle

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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34
Q

What are the first branches of the ascending aorta just beyond the aortic semi lunar valve

A

Right and left coronary artery’s

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35
Q

The two arteries branch into smaller arteries and arterioles then into what

A

Capillaries

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36
Q

What do the coronary capillaries do

A

They merged to form coronary veins which empty blood into a large coronary sinus that returns blood to the right atrium

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary vessels

A

To supply blood to the myocardium because oxygen is essential for normal myocardial contraction

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38
Q

If a coronary artery becomes obstructed by a blood clot what happens to the myocardium

A

It becomes a ischemic (deprived of blood supply)

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39
Q

What will prolonged ischemia create

A

And infarct which is an area of necrotic tissue

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40
Q

What is the name for a heart attack

A

Myocardial infarction

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41
Q

What is the sequence of events in one heartbeat

A

The cardiac cycle

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42
Q

What is another term for contraction

A

Systole

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43
Q

What is the term for relaxation

A

Diastole

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44
Q

Does atrial or ventricular systolic start first

A

Atrial systole is followed by ventricular systole

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45
Q

Is atrial systole or ventricular systole longer

A

Ventricular

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46
Q

What causes the loudest and longest sound in the lub-dub which is the first sound

A

It is caused by ventricular systole closing the AV valves

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47
Q

The second sound in the lub-dub is caused by what

A

It is caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary semi lunar valves

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48
Q

If a valve does not close properly there is an extra sound and this is called what

A

A heart murmur

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49
Q

What is the serous membrane on the surface of the myocardium

A

Epicardium

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50
Q

What is the heart muscle which forms the walls of the four chambers

A

Myocardium

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51
Q

What is the endothelium that lines the chambers and covers the valves it is smooth to prevent clotting

A

Endocardium

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52
Q

What receives deoxygenated blood from the body by way of the superior and inferior or Caval veins

A

Right atrium

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53
Q

What is the right AV valve that prevents backflow of blood from the RV to the RA when the RV contracts

A

Tricuspid valve

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54
Q

What pumps blood to the lungs by way of the pulmonary artery

A

Right ventricle

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55
Q

What prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle when the right ventricle relaxes

A

Pulmonary semi lunar valve

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56
Q

What receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the four pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

57
Q

What is the left baby valve which prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts

A

Mitral valve

58
Q

What pumps blood to the body by way of the aorta

A

Left ventricle

59
Q

Prevents the back for blood from the awarded to the left ventricle when the left ventricle relaxes

A

Aortic semilunar valve

60
Q

What is in both the right ventricle on my friend to go and prevents inversion of the AV valves when the ventricles contract

A

Papillary muscles and Chordae tendineae

61
Q

What is the fibrous connective tissue that Anchors the four heart valves prevents enlargement of the valve openings and electrically insulates the ventricles from the atria

A

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

62
Q

What is the most common cause of coronary artery disease

A

Atherosclerosis

63
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

When plaques of cholesterol and inflammatory cells form in the walls of a coronary artery

64
Q

What enzymes do we have jeans for that are involved in cholesterol metabolism

A

Liver enzymes which regulate the transport of cholesterol in the blood in the form of lipoprotein’s and regulate delivers excretion of excess cholesterol and bile

65
Q

What is believed to exert a protective effect by lowering blood lipid levels and women

A

Estrogen

66
Q

What chemical markers in the blood signal the presence of inflammation

A

Homocysteine and C-reactive protein CRP

67
Q

With coronary artery bypass surgery which vein is grafted around the obstructive coronary vessels to restore blood flow to the myocardium

A

Saphenous vein of the leg

68
Q

What is the natural pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial SA node which are a group of cardiac muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium just below the opening of the superior vina cava

69
Q

Why is the SA node considered specialized

A

Because it has the most rapid natural rate of contraction it depolarizes more rapidly than any other part of the myocardium

70
Q

The cells of the SA node more permeable to what Ions then any other cardiac muscle cells

A

NA+ therefore they depolarize more rapidly than contract and initiate each heartbeat

71
Q

From the SA node impulses for contractions travel to what node

A

The atrioventricular AV node

72
Q

What does the transmission of impulses from the SA node to the AV node into the rest of the atrial myocardium bring about

A

Atrial systole

73
Q

What connected tissue exes and electrical insulation between the two sets of Chambers including the atrium myocardium in the ventricular myocardium

A

The fibrous connective tissue

74
Q

What is the only pathway for impulses from the atria to the ventricles

A

The atrioventricular bundle AV bundle also called the bundle of His

75
Q

Where is the AV bundle located

A

Within the upper interventricular septum

76
Q

Where does the AV bundle receive impulses from

A

The AV node and then transmits them to the right and left bundle branches

77
Q

From the bundle branches the impulses travel along ______to the rest of the ventricular myocardium and bring about ventricular systole

A

Purkinje fibers

78
Q

What test shows the electrical activity of the atria and ventricles

A

Electrocardiogram ECG

79
Q

If the SA node does not function properly what will initiate the heart beat

A

The AV node will at a slower rate

80
Q

What is also capable of generating the Beat of the ventricles at a much lower rate of 15 to 40 bpm

A

The AV bundle

81
Q

What is an irregular heartbeat

A

Arrhythmia

82
Q

What is a very rapid and on coordinated ventricular beats that is totally ineffective for pumping blood

A

Ventricle fibrillation

83
Q

A normal resting heart rate or pulse of 60 to 80 beats per minutes is the rate of depolarization of what node

A

SA node

84
Q

The SA node actually has a slightly faster rate which is closer to 100 bpm but it is slowed by what nerve impulses

A

Parasympathetic nerve impulses

85
Q

What is a heart rate of less than 60 called

A

Bradycardia

86
Q

What is a prolonged are consistent rate greater than 100 bpm called

A

Tachycardia

87
Q

What is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one minute

A

Cardiac output

88
Q

Why is a certain level of cardiac output needed at all times

A

To transport oxygen to tissues and to remove waste products

89
Q

What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by A ventricle per beat
And what is the average resting stroke volume Pwe beat

A

Stroke volume

60 to 80 mL

90
Q

What formula enables us to determine cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume X pulse (heart rate)

91
Q

What is the normal average resting cardiac output

A

5 to 6 L per minute

92
Q

The increase in stroke from him is the result of _____________, which states that the more the cardiac muscle fibers are stretched the more forcefully the contract

A

Starlings law of the heart

93
Q

During exercise more blood returns to the heart this is called

A

Venous return

94
Q

Increased venous return will stretch what

A

The myocardium of the ventricles

95
Q

What is the percent of the blood in her ventricle that is pumped during systole. Which is another measure of the health of the heart

A

Ejection fraction

96
Q

What percentage of blood does a ventricle empty when it contracts

A

60 to 70% a lower percentage would indicate that the ventricle is weakening

97
Q

What part of the brain contains the two cardiac centers

A

The Medulla

98
Q

What are the two cardiac centers of the medulla

A

Excelerator center and the inhibitory center

99
Q

What does the Excelerator center and the inhibitory center do

A

Send impulses to the heart along autonomic nerves

100
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

101
Q

The sympathetic impulses from the Excelerator center along sympathetic nerves do what

A

Increased heart rate and tons of contraction during exercise and stressful situations the (neurotransmitter is norepinephrine)

102
Q

The parasympathetic impulses from the inhibitory center along the biggest nerves do what

A

Decreased heart rate (the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine)

103
Q

What information is received by the middle like to initiate changes

A

Because the heart pumps blood is essential to maintain normal blood pressure. Blood contains oxygen which all tissues must receive continuously. Therefore changes in blood pressure and oxygen level of the blood or stimuli for changes in heart rate

104
Q

What are Pressoreceptors

A

They are in the carotid senses and a word exciting ee which detect changes in blood pressure

105
Q

What are chemo receptors

A

They are in the carotid bodies and they were dick body which she took changes in the oxygen content of the blood

106
Q

What are the sensory nerves for the carotid receptors

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve’s (9th cranial)

107
Q

What are the sensory nerves from the Aortic arch receptors

A

Vegas (10th cranial) nerves

108
Q

Generated by the SA node through the conduction pathway; parasympathetic impulses (Vegas nerves) decrease the rate; sympathetic impulses increase the rate

A

Heart rate

109
Q

The amount of blood pumped by ventricle in one beat

A

Stroke volume

110
Q

The volume of blood pumped by ventricle in 1 minute; stroke volume X pulse

A

Cardiac output

111
Q

The percentage of blood within the ventricles is pumped out per beat

A

Ejection fraction 60% to 70%

112
Q

The difference between resting cardiac output and Maximum cardiac output during exercise

A

Cardiac reserve 15 liters or more

113
Q

What detects a drop in blood pressure

A

The pressoreceptors in the carotid sinuses

114
Q

What occurs when a drop in blood pressure takes place and is detected by the receptors in a carotid sinuses

A

The impulses travel along the glossopharyngeal nerve to the medulla and the decrease in the frequency of impulses stimulates the Accelerator center

115
Q

When the Accelerator generates impulses they are carried by what nerves and to where

A

They are carried by the sympathetic nerves to the SA node AV node and ventricular myocardium

116
Q

To correct hypoxemia the reflex arc would be what five things

A
  1. Aortic chemoreceptors 2.Vegus nerve sensory, 3 Accelerator Ctr. in the medulla 4. sympathetic nerves, and 5. the heart muscle, which will increase its rate and force of contraction to circulate more blood
117
Q

What hormone is secreted by the adrenal and Medulla in stressful situations

A

Epinephrine

118
Q

What is a factor of epinephrine

A

To increase heart rate and force of contraction. This will help supply more blood to tissues in need of more oxygen

119
Q

Which chamber of the heart works harder with high blood pressure

A

The left ventricle

120
Q

Elite ventricle is not an efficient pump and such weakness may progress to ______

A

Congestive heart failure

121
Q

A heart valve that becomes thick and by fibrosis can lead to _____ and ______

A

Heart murmurs and less efficient pumping

122
Q

Contraction of cardiac cells and balls action potentials at the cell membrane and the sliding of ____ and ____

A

Myosin and actin in sarcomeres

123
Q

What is an arterioles

A

And arteriole is a small artery

124
Q

What happens in a cardiac cycle

A

A sequence of events in one heartbeat in which a simultaneous contraction of the Atria is followed by a simultaneous contraction of the ventricles

125
Q

What is the epicardium

A

The serous membrane on the surface of the myocardium

126
Q

What is the pericardium

A

A sack which includes three membranes and encloses the heart

127
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit

A

The vessel pattern in the lungs were oxygen and CO2 are exchanged

128
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

The decreased diameter of the vessel due to contraction of smooth muscle in the wall

129
Q

What is the endothelium

A

The endothelium is the simple Squam us epithelium cells lining A vein or artery

130
Q

What is the Tunica media

A

Middle layer of an artery or vein

131
Q

Where are the centers. That regulate heart rate located

A

Medulla

132
Q

What vessel does the left ventricle pumps blood into

A

Aorta

133
Q

What prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria

A

Mitral and tricuspid valve

134
Q

What do the kidney secrete when blood pressure decreases

A

Renin

135
Q

What is the layer of the walls of arteries and veins that is smooth to prevent abnormal clotting

A

Lining, made of simple Squamous epithelium

136
Q

What prevents backflow from the arteries to the ventricles

A

Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

137
Q

What is the function of the serous fluid of the pericardial membranes

A

Prevent friction as the heart beats

138
Q

Why does epinephrine increase blood pressure

A

It increases heart rate and force

139
Q

What are the steps the blood flows through the heart

A
  1. oxygen poor blood flows from the body into the right atrium
  2. Blood flows through the right atrium into the right ventricle
  3. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs where the blood releases waste gases and pics of oxygen
  4. The newly rich oxygen blood returns to the heart and enters the left atrium
  5. Blood flows through the left atrium into the left ventricle
  6. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body

Heart (2 decks)

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