Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Functions can be applied to describe and analyze the following real-life scenarios:

A

Thecostyou have to pay after shopping depends on thenumber of itemsyou bought

Theamount of gasolineconsumed depends on thedistance traveled by car

Themonthly sales of a restaurantdepend on thenumber of dishes it sells

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2
Q

Example 1:Determine the dependent and independent variables of the following situation:

a. The score of a student in his exam depends on the number of hours he studied

b. The profit of an entrepreneur depends on the number of items he sold

c. The number of participants in a conference tells the number of seats to be prepared by the organizers of the conference

A

Solution:

a. Independent variable: number of hours the student studied; dependent variable: the score of the student in his exam

b. Independent variable: number of items sold; dependent variable: profit of the entrepreneur

c. Independent variable: number of participants in a conference; dependent variable: number of seats to be prepared

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3
Q

Example 2:The battery level of a phone depends on the number of hours it was charged. If the phone is charged for 2 hours, its battery level is 80%. Determine the independent variable, dependent variable, input, and output of this given problem.

A

Solution:The dependent variable is the battery level of the phone since its value depends on how long or how many hours that phone was charged. The independent variable is the number of hours the phone was charged since it dictates what will be the battery level of the phone.

The input in the given situation is 2 hours since it is a value of the independent variable (number of hours). Meanwhile, 80% is the output since it is a value of the dependent variable (battery level).

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4
Q

a relation wherein the first components of the ordered pairs are assigned or matched to only a single second component.

A

Function

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5
Q

Example:Which of the following relations is/are functions?

a. J = {(0, 1), (2, 1), (3, 2)}

b. K = {(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3)}

A

Solution:

a. J is a function since no first component of ordered pairs is repeated.

b. K is not a function since there’s the first component of ordered pairs that are repeated (5 is assigned to two different second components).

c. The diagram shows an example of a function since we can write the pairs as: (1, c), (2, b), (3, a), (4, d), (5, e). No inputs are repeated or matched with two different outputs.

d. The diagram is not a function since two of the first components are matched to two different second components. If we write the given diagram into a set of ordered pairs, we’ll obtain (x, 1), (y, 3), (y, 4), (z, 2), (z, 1). Notice that y and z (which are the first components) are matched with two different second components.

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6
Q

For instance, the set of ordered pairs {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8)} is a

A

Function

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7
Q

Example:A small milk tea shop earns Php 40 for every milk tea sold, Php 80 if it sells two milk teas, Php 120 if it sells three milk teas, and so on.

A

Solution:In this situation, the sales of the milk tea shop are thedependent variablesince its value depends on how many milk teas the shop will sell. This implies that the number of milk teas sold is theindependent variablesince the number of milk teas sold dictates the value of the sales (or dependent variable).

We can express the given set of ordered pairs matching the number of milk teas sold to the number of sales as:

{(1, 40), (2, 80), (3, 120)}

As we can see, the set above is a function.

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8
Q

The ______is a function of the independent variable.

A

Dependent variable

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9
Q

We have stated that the sales of the milk tea shop are a function of the number of milk teas sold. In function notation, we express it as:

A

y = f(x)

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10
Q

Example 1:The amount of gasoline (g) consumed by a car in liters is a function of the distance (d) traveled by the car in km. Express this in function notation and determine the independent and dependent variables

A

Solution:In this situation, the amount of gasoline consumed is the dependent variable while the distance traveled by car is the independent variable. In function notation:

g = f(d)

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11
Q

Example 2:Using the function notation above, what does 2 = f(5) mean?

A

Solution:Sinceg = f(d),then2 = f(5)means that 5 km traveled by car consumes 2 liters of gasoline.

We can express this as an ordered pair (2, 5).

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12
Q

Example 1:Evaluate f(x) = x²+ 2x at x = 0.

A

Solution:

f(x) = x2+ 2

f(0) = (0)2+ 2(0)Input x = 0 to the function

f(0) = 0The output value we obtain is 0

Thus, thevalue of the function is 0when we inputx = 0to it.

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13
Q

Example 2:What is f(-1) if f(x) = x – 9?

A

The symbolf(-1)tells us that we need to substitute or inputx = -1to the function.

Solution:

f(x) = x – 9

f(-1) = (-1) – 9Input x = -1

f(-1) = -10

Thus, thevalue of the function is -10when we inputx = -1to it.

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14
Q

Example 3:A video game company’s annual sales in PHP is a function of the number of copies of video games it sold in the market and is described algebraically by the function S(x) = 450x + 10000 where x is the number of copies of video games sold. Suppose that in 2012, the number of video games sold was 13,000. How much were the company’s annual sales in 2012?

A

Solution:

Given the functionS(x) = 450x + 10000, the annual sales in 2012 can be determined by inputtingx = 13000(i.e., the number of copies of video games sold) into the given function:

S(x) = 450x + 10000

S(13000) = 450(13000) + 10000Input x = 13000

S(13000) = 5,860,000

Hence,in 2012, the video game company generated annual sales of PHP 5,860,000.

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15
Q

the set of all possible values of the independent variables in a function.

A

domain of a function

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16
Q

The simplest things to consider when determining the domain of a function are:

A

The denominator of the function must not be 0.

The value under the square-root sign of the function must be nonnegative (0 or positive).

If the output of a function is always a real number for any real number you input into the function, then the domain of the function is the set of real numbers.

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17
Q

Example 1:Determine the domain of the function
f(x) = 2x + 1.

A

Solution:Since the given function has no denominator and square root sign, then the domain off(x) = 2x + 1 is the set of all real numbers. This means that whatever real number you substitute toxthe value ofyorf(x)will always be a real number.

We can write the set of real numbers as the domain in this set notation form:

This is read as“the domain is the set of all x such that x is an element of the set of real numbers”, with the last symbol being the set of real numbers.

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18
Q

Example 2:What is the domain of the function
f(x) = x2– 5x + 6?

A

Solution:Since the given function has no denominator and square root sign, then the domain off(x) = x2– 5x + 6is the set of all real numbers. This means that whatever real number you substitute toxthe value ofyorf(x)will always be a real number.

In set notation form,
D={x|x € R|}

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19
Q

Example 3:Determine the domain of

f(x)=x+1/x-1

A

Solution:This time, the given function has a denominator which isx – 1. To determine the domain of this function, let us determine first the value ofxthat will make the denominatorx – 1equal to 0.

We can set up an equation:

x – 1 = 0

x = 1Transposition method

Thus, atx = 1, the denominator of the given function is 0.

The value ofxthat will make the denominator 0 will be the value excluded in the domain. Hence, the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers except 1.

Any number you substitute toxwill give you a real number value of function except for 1 because, atx = 1, the denominator will be 0 (which is not allowed since division by 0 is undefined).

In set notation form,

This is read as“the domain is the set of all x such that x is an element of the set of real numbers except 1″.

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20
Q

Example 4:Determine the domain of

f(x)= 9-x/x+15

A

Solution:We need to find the number that must be excluded in the domain. That number is what will make the denominator 0.

x + 15 = 0

x = -15Transposition method

Therefore, the domain is the set of all real numbers except -15.

In set notation form,
D={x|x € R-15}

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21
Q

Example 5:What is the domain of

f(x)=sqrt(9-x)

A

Solution:The given function has a square root sign. To find the domain of this function, we must find all values ofxthat will make theradicand(the quantity under the radical sign) nonnegative.

Why do we need to make the radicand nonnegative?Because if the radicand is negative, we have a square root of a negative number which is animaginary numberand not a real number.

This means that we need to find the values ofxsuch that9 – xwill be nonnegative or greater than or equal to 0.

Thus, the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers less than or equal to 9. This means that if you try to substitute a value ofxthat is greater than 9, the value of the function will not be a real number (try to substitute x = 10 to the function and see what will happen).

In set notation form,

D = { x | x ≤ 9}

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22
Q

Example 6:Determine the domain of the function

f(x)=sqrt(x-2)/x-8

A

Solution:As you can see, the given function has a denominator and a square root sign, hence making it quite tricky.

Let us work for the domain of this function using the considerations one by one:

Starting with the numerator, recall that if we have a square root sign, the radicand must be nonnegative:

x – 2 ≥ 0

x ≥ 2Transposition method

Thus, part of our domain is the set of all real numbers greater than 2.

We’re not done yet as we need to consider the denominator as well.

The denominator must not be zero, so we have:

x – 8 = 0

x = 8Transposition method

Thus, we should excludex = 8from the domain since it will give a denominator value of 0.

Note that we obtainedx ≥ 2earlier and we also discovered thatx = 8should be excluded from the domain. Therefore, our domain should bex≥2 \ 8, orthe set of all real numbers greater than 2 but 8 is not included.

In set notation form,

D = {x | x ≥ 2 \ 8}

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23
Q

the set of all possible values of the dependent variable.

A

Range

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24
Q

Example 1:If f(x) = x + 3 and g(x) = x + 5, what is (f + g)(x)?

A

Solution:

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

(f + g)(x) = (x + 3) + (x + 5)

(f + g)(x) = 2x + 8

The answer is(f + g)(x) = 2x + 8

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25
Q

Example 2:Determine (f + g)(1) using the same functions in the previous example.

If f(x) = x + 3 and g(x) = x + 5, what is (f + g)(x)?

A

Solution:

The symbol(f + g)(1)means that we need to input 1 to the sum function(f + g)(x).

Recall that we obtain(f + g)(x) = 2x + 8in the previous example.

Hence, to determine(f + g)(1):

(f + g)(x) = 2x + 8

(f + g)(1) = 2(1) + 8

(f + g)(1) = 2 + 8

(f + g)(1) = 10

Thus,(f + g)(1) = 10

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26
Q

Example 3:If f(x) = 5x – 2 and g(x) = 3x + 4. Determine (f – g)(2).

A

Solution:

Let us start by determining(f – g)(x)first:

(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

(f – g)(x) = (5x – 2) – (3x + 4)

(f – g)(x) = (5x – 2) + (-3x – 4)

(f – g)(x) = 2x – 6

Thus,(f – g)(x) = 2x – 6. To find(f -g)(2),we inputx = 2to the difference function:

(f – g)(2) = 2(2) – 6

(f – g)(2) = 4 – 6

(f – g)(2) = -2

Therefore, the value of(f – g)(2)is -2.

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27
Q

Example 4: if f(x)= x+3/2x and g(x) = x-1/x determine
(f + g)(1)

A

Solution:

Since the functions are in the form ofrational expressions, we just add the terms of the function just like what we do with rational expressions (Note that the rational expressions are dissimilar so we have to transform them into similar rational expressions first):

Now, let us inputx = 1to the sum function to determine(f + g)(1):

=2

28
Q

Example 1:If f(x) = 3x and g(x) = x + 1, determine (f⋅g)(x).

A

Solution:

Since(f⋅g)(x)= f(x)⋅g(x), then:

(f ⋅ g)(x) = f(x) ∙ g(x)

(f ∙ g)(x) = 3x(x + 1)

(f ∙ g)(x) = 3x2+ 3x

Thus,(f∙g)(x) = 3x2+ 3x

29
Q

Example 2:If f(x) = x – 1 and g(x) = x + 4, what is (f∙g)(-1)?

A

Solution:

To find(f∙g)(-1),we need to determine(f∙g)(x)first:

(f ∙ g)(x) = f(x) ∙ g(x)

(f ∙ g)(x) = (x – 1)(x + 4)

(f ∙ g)(x) = x2+ 3x – 4UsingFOIL method

Now, we have obtained(f∙g)(x) = x2+ 3x – 4as the product function. To determine(f ∙ g)(-1), we need to inputx = -1to the product function:

(f ∙ g)(x) = x2+ 3x – 4

(f ∙ g)(-1) = (-1)2+ 3(-1) – 4

(f ∙ g)(-1) = 1 – 3 – 4

(f ∙ g)(-1) = -6

Therefore,(f ∙ g)(-1) = -6is the answer.

30
Q

Example 3:

If(x)=x-5/x and g(x)=3/x+2 determine (f•g)(2)

A

Solution:

To find (f∙ g)(2), we have to discover first what is (f∙g)(x).We do this by multiplying the given functions:

Now, to determine (f∙g)(2),we inputx = 2to the product function:

Hence,(f∙g)(2) = -9/8

31
Q

Example 1:If f(x) = 8x2+ 4x and g(x) = 2x, determine (f⁄g)(x).

A

To find(f⁄g)(x),we have to divide the functionf(x)byg(x):

Thus, the answer is(f⁄g)(x)= 4x + 2

32
Q

Example 2:Determine (f/g)(-1) using the same functions provided in the previous example.

A

Solution:

The quotient function we have obtained in the previous example is(f⁄g)(x) = 4x + 2. To find(f⁄g)(-1),we have to substitute or inputx = -1to the quotient function.

(f⁄g)(x)= 4x + 2

(f⁄g)(-1)= 4(-1) + 2

(f⁄g)(-1)= -4 + 2

(f⁄g)(-1)= -2

Thus, the value of(f/g)(x)whenx = -1is -2.

33
Q

Example 3:

Determine (f/g)(-3) given that f(x) = 2+x/x and g(x)=1/x

A

Solution:

To determine(f⁄g)(-3),we have to find out first the quotient function(f⁄g)(x):

From our computation above,(f⁄g)(x) = 2 + x.

To compute for(f⁄g)(-3),we have to inputx = -3to the quotient function:

(f⁄g)(-3)= 2 + x

(f⁄g)(-3)= 2 + (-3) = -1

The answer is -1.

34
Q

Example 1:If f(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) = x2+ 3. Determine (f∘g)(x).

A

Solution:

The symbol(f∘g)(x)tells us thatg(x)will be the input off(x)to obtain the composition orf(g(x)).

(f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))

To findf(g(x)):

f(x) = 2x – 1

f(g(x)) = 2(x2+ 3) – 1We input g(x) to f(x)

f(g(x)) = 2x2+ 6 – 1

f(g(x)) = 2x2+ 5

The answer isf(g(x)) = 2x2+ 5

35
Q

Example 2:If f(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) = x²+ 3. Determine (g∘f)(x).

A

Solution:

The symbol (g∘f)(x)tells us thatf(x)will be the input ofg(x)to obtain the composition org(f(x)).

(g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x))

To findg(f(x)):

g(x) = x2+ 3

g(f(x)) = (2x – 1)2+ 3We input f(x) to g(x)

g(f(x)) = (4x2– 4x + 1) + 3Square of binomial

g(f(x)) = 4x2– 4x + 4

36
Q

Example 3:Using the same functions in the previous example, determine (g∘f)(0).

A

Solution:

The symbol(g∘f)(0)just tells us that we need to input 0 to the composition of function(g∘f)org(f(x)).

From the previous example, we have obtained(g∘f)(x) = g(f(x)) = 4x2– 4x + 4

Let us now determine(g∘f)(0):

(g ∘ f)(0) = g(f(0)) = 4(0)2– 4(0) + 4 = 4

Therefore, the answer is 4.

37
Q

function that is formed by interchanging the independent variable and dependent variable of the original function.

A

Inverse function

38
Q

To find the inverse of a function, follow these steps:

A

Writef(x)asy.

Interchangexandyin the function.

Solve foryin terms ofxto solve for the inverse. Writeyasf-1(x)in the final answer.

39
Q

Example:Determine the inverse of f(x) = 2x – 3.

A

Solution:

Step 1:Writef(x)asy.

As per instruction, we writef(x) = 2x – 3asy = 2x – 3.

Step 2:Interchangexandyin the function.

Interchangingxandyiny = 2x – 3will give usx = 2y – 3.

Step 3:Solve foryin terms ofxto solve for the inverse. Writeyasf-1(x)in the final answer,

Solvingyin terms ofxmeans that we need to isolateyfrom other quantities.

=x+3/2

40
Q

one of the simplest functions in mathematics. This function is defined asf(x) = xwhich means that whatever you input to the function, you will obtain an output equal to that input.

A

Identity Function

41
Q

a function such that the exponents of its variable are all nonnegative integers. In simple words, this function is expressed in the form of apolynomial.

A

Polynomial Function

42
Q

a polynomial function wherein the largest exponent of the variable is 1.

A

Linear Function

43
Q

the value ofxsuch thatf(x) = 0. In other words, this is what you should input to the function so that the output will be 0.

A

Zero of a Linear Function

44
Q

Example:Find the zero of f(x) = 3x – 6.

A

Solution:

To find the zero off(x) = 3x – 6, we setf(x) = 0then solve forx:

f(x) = 3x – 6

0 = 3x – 6Set f(x) = 0

-3x = -6

x= 2

Therefore, the zero of the functionf(x) = 3x – 6isx = 2.

45
Q

Problem 1:A taxi charges fare in this manner: you have to pay a fixed amount of PHP 30 and PHP 10 for every kilometer you have traveled. How much would you have to pay if you traveled 5 km, 7 km, and 10 km?

A

Solution:

We can actually express the situation in the given problem as a linear function.

Letxbe the number of kilometers you have traveled.

Then, let10xrepresent the amount you have to pay for the x kilometer you have traveled.

Our linear function isf(x) = 30 + 10xwheref(x)is the amount you have to pay after traveling forxkilometers.

If you travel 5 km:

f(x) = 30 + 10x

f(5) = 30 + 10(5)

f(5) = 30 + 50

f(5) = 80

Hence, you have to pay PHP 80 if you travel 5 km.

Now, can you compute how much you have to pay if you travel 7 km or 10 km using the function above?

46
Q

Problem 2:You are planning to buy homemade leche flan from Lena’s Shop. The store charges PHP 65 for every order of leche flan and a fixed amount of PHP 25 as the service fee. Create a function that will show how much you have to pay Lena’s Shop if you plan to buy x orders of leche flan. Determine also how much you will pay if you buy 10 orders of leche flan.

A

Solution:

Letxrepresent the number of orders ofleche flanyou’re buying.

This means that65xrepresents the amount you have to pay forxorders ofleche flanyou will be buying.

Our linear function isf(x) = 65x + 25wheref(x)represents the total amount you have to pay forxorders ofleche flanincluding the service fee.

If you buy 10 orders ofleche flan, that is,x = 10:

f(10) = 65(10) + 25

f(10) = 650 + 25

f(10) = 675

Therefore, you have to pay PHP 675 for 10 orders ofleche flan.

47
Q

a polynomial function wherein the largest exponent of its variable is 2.

A

A quadratic function

48
Q

Example:Determine the values of a, b, and c (coefficient of each term) of the following:

f(x) = x²– 7x + 12
f(x) = 9 – x²

A

Solution:

The quadratic term off(x) = x2– 7x + 12isx2soa = 1. The linear term is-7xsob = -7. Lastly, the constant term is 12 soc = 12.The quadratic term off(x) = 9 – x2is-x2soa = -1. There’s no linear term inf(x) = 9 – x2sob = 0. Lastly, the constant term is 9 soc = 9.

49
Q

Example:What is the domain of f(x) = x²– 3x + 1?

A

Solution:

Since the function is a quadratic function, then its domain is the set of real numbers.

In set notation: D = {x | x ∈ R}

50
Q

to find the range of a quadratic function, follow these three steps:

A
  1. Determine the values ofa, b,andc.
  2. Look at the sign ofafirst.

Ifa> 0, then you will use R = {y | y ≥ k} as the range.Ifa< 0, use R = {y | y ≤ k}.

  1. Compute the value ofkusing the values ofa, b,andc.

Note that k = (4ac – b2) / 4a

51
Q

Example:Determine the range of f(x) = 4x²– 2x + 1.

A

Solution:

Step 1:Determine the values ofa, b,andc.

We havea = 4, b = -2,andc = 1.

Step 2:Look at the sign ofafirst.

The value ofais 4. This implies thata > 0. Hence, we useR = {y | y ≥ k}.

Step 3:Compute the value ofkusing the values ofa, b,andc.

We compute the value ofkusingk = (4ac – b2) / 4a.

Again, we havea = 4, b = -2,andc = 1. Using these values, we obtain:

k = (4ac – b2) / 4a

k = (4(4)(1) – (-2)2) / 4(4)

k = (16 – 4) / 16

k = 12 / 16 or ¾

k = ¾

This means that the range of the quadratic function should beR = {y | y ≥ ¾ }

It implies that whatever real numberxyou input tof(x) = 4x2– 2x + 1, the values off(x)orythat you will obtain will always be greater than or equal to ¾. It is impossible to have an output value less than ¾ whatever real numberxyou input.

52
Q

the values ofxsuch thatf(x) = 0. In other words, these are the input values of the function that will provide an output value of 0.

A

Zeros of a Quadratic Function

53
Q

Example:Determine the zeros of the function
f(x) = x²– 7x + 12.

A

Solution:

To find the zeros of the given function, we letf(x) = 0and then solve forx:

f(x) = x2– 7x + 12

0 = x2– 7x + 12

0 = (x – 4)(x – 3)By factoring

x – 4 = 0 x – 3 = 0Set each factor to 0

x1= 4x2= 3

Thus, the zeros of the functionf(x) = x2– 7x + 12arex = 4andx = 3.

54
Q

a function that involves an absolute value sign

A

Absolute Value Function

55
Q

Example 1:Determine f(-1) if f(x) = |x – 3|

A

Solution:

f(x) = | x – 3 |

f(-1) = | (-1) – 3 |

f(-1) = | -4|

f(-1) = 4Absolute value is always nonnegative

The answer is 4.

56
Q

Example 2:Compute for f(0) if f(x) = |x – 9| + 7

A

Solution:

f(x) = |x – 9| + 7

f(0) = |(0) – 9| + 7

f(0) = | – 9 | + 7

f(0) = 9 + 7

f(0) = 16

The answer is 16

57
Q

The Range of the Absolute Value function can be determined this way:

A

a. If the form is f(x) = a|x – h| + k, where k is a real number, then the range will be {y | y < k} if a is negative.

b. If the form is f(x) = a|x – h| + k, where k is a real number, then the range will be {y | y > k} if a is positive.

58
Q

Example 1:What is the domain and range of f(x) = |x – 3|?

A

Solution:

The domain off(x)is just the set of all real numbers or D = {x | x ∈ R}

On the other hand, let us determine the range.

Since the function is in form f(x) = a|x – h| + k, where a is positive and k = 0, then the range is just the set of all nonnegative numbers or R = {y | y > 0}.

59
Q

Example 2:What is the domain and range of f(x) = – |x + 1| – 5?

A

Solution:

The domain off(x)is just the set of all real numbers or D = {x | x ∈ R}

Since the function is in form f(x) = a|x – h| + k, where a is negative and k = 0, then the range is the set of all numbers less than or equal to -5 or R = {y | y < -5}.

60
Q

a ratio of two polynomial functions. Think of it as a function in a fractional form wherein the numerator and denominator are polynomials.

A

Rational Function

61
Q

is a function that contains a radical sign. One of the widely known types of radical functions is thesquare-root function, one that involves a square-root sign.

A

Radical Function

62
Q

functions include exponential functions, logarithmic functions, and trigonometric functions. Exponential and logarithmic functions are beyond the scope of our reviewer.

A

Transcendental Function

63
Q

1) The domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥)=2-x/x+4 is?

a) D = {x | x ∈ ℜ, x≠-4}
b) D = {x | x ∈ ℜ, x > 4}
c) D = {x | x ∈ ℜ, x≠½}
d) D = {x | x ∈ ℜ, x≠4}

A

A

64
Q

2) Which of the following is the inverse of the function
f(x) = 2x - 1?

a) f-1(x) =𝑥 − 1/2
b) f-1(x) =𝑥 + 1/2
c) f-1(x) = x + 2
d) f-1(x) =𝑥 + 2/2

A

B

65
Q

3) Matt, an avid plantito, plans to buy flower pots for his mini garden. He is planning to buy
those flower pots from Jessica’s flower shop. A flower pot costs Php 70 each. Jessica also
charges a fixed delivery fee amount of Php 40 regardless of how many flower pots a customer
buys. Write a function that will represent Matt’s total cost if he will buy x number of flower pots.

a) C(x) = 40x + 70
b) C(x) = 70x - 40
c) C(x) = 40x - 70
d) C(x) = 70x + 40

A

D

66
Q

4) Using the function you have derived in item #3, determine how much will Matt’s total cost if he
will buy 8 flower pots from Jessica’s flower shop.

a) Php 600
b) Php 800
c) Php 1000
d) Php 1400

A

A

67
Q

5) What is the domain of the function
f(x) = x2- 3x + 1?

a) set of all real numbers
b) set of all negative numbers
c) set of all nonnegative numbers
d) None of the above

A

A