Functions Flashcards
Functions can be applied to describe and analyze the following real-life scenarios:
Thecostyou have to pay after shopping depends on thenumber of itemsyou bought
Theamount of gasolineconsumed depends on thedistance traveled by car
Themonthly sales of a restaurantdepend on thenumber of dishes it sells
Example 1:Determine the dependent and independent variables of the following situation:
a. The score of a student in his exam depends on the number of hours he studied
b. The profit of an entrepreneur depends on the number of items he sold
c. The number of participants in a conference tells the number of seats to be prepared by the organizers of the conference
Solution:
a. Independent variable: number of hours the student studied; dependent variable: the score of the student in his exam
b. Independent variable: number of items sold; dependent variable: profit of the entrepreneur
c. Independent variable: number of participants in a conference; dependent variable: number of seats to be prepared
Example 2:The battery level of a phone depends on the number of hours it was charged. If the phone is charged for 2 hours, its battery level is 80%. Determine the independent variable, dependent variable, input, and output of this given problem.
Solution:The dependent variable is the battery level of the phone since its value depends on how long or how many hours that phone was charged. The independent variable is the number of hours the phone was charged since it dictates what will be the battery level of the phone.
The input in the given situation is 2 hours since it is a value of the independent variable (number of hours). Meanwhile, 80% is the output since it is a value of the dependent variable (battery level).
a relation wherein the first components of the ordered pairs are assigned or matched to only a single second component.
Function
Example:Which of the following relations is/are functions?
a. J = {(0, 1), (2, 1), (3, 2)}
b. K = {(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3)}
Solution:
a. J is a function since no first component of ordered pairs is repeated.
b. K is not a function since there’s the first component of ordered pairs that are repeated (5 is assigned to two different second components).
c. The diagram shows an example of a function since we can write the pairs as: (1, c), (2, b), (3, a), (4, d), (5, e). No inputs are repeated or matched with two different outputs.
d. The diagram is not a function since two of the first components are matched to two different second components. If we write the given diagram into a set of ordered pairs, we’ll obtain (x, 1), (y, 3), (y, 4), (z, 2), (z, 1). Notice that y and z (which are the first components) are matched with two different second components.
For instance, the set of ordered pairs {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8)} is a
Function
Example:A small milk tea shop earns Php 40 for every milk tea sold, Php 80 if it sells two milk teas, Php 120 if it sells three milk teas, and so on.
Solution:In this situation, the sales of the milk tea shop are thedependent variablesince its value depends on how many milk teas the shop will sell. This implies that the number of milk teas sold is theindependent variablesince the number of milk teas sold dictates the value of the sales (or dependent variable).
We can express the given set of ordered pairs matching the number of milk teas sold to the number of sales as:
{(1, 40), (2, 80), (3, 120)}
As we can see, the set above is a function.
The ______is a function of the independent variable.
Dependent variable
We have stated that the sales of the milk tea shop are a function of the number of milk teas sold. In function notation, we express it as:
y = f(x)
Example 1:The amount of gasoline (g) consumed by a car in liters is a function of the distance (d) traveled by the car in km. Express this in function notation and determine the independent and dependent variables
Solution:In this situation, the amount of gasoline consumed is the dependent variable while the distance traveled by car is the independent variable. In function notation:
g = f(d)
Example 2:Using the function notation above, what does 2 = f(5) mean?
Solution:Sinceg = f(d),then2 = f(5)means that 5 km traveled by car consumes 2 liters of gasoline.
We can express this as an ordered pair (2, 5).
Example 1:Evaluate f(x) = x²+ 2x at x = 0.
Solution:
f(x) = x2+ 2
f(0) = (0)2+ 2(0)Input x = 0 to the function
f(0) = 0The output value we obtain is 0
Thus, thevalue of the function is 0when we inputx = 0to it.
Example 2:What is f(-1) if f(x) = x – 9?
The symbolf(-1)tells us that we need to substitute or inputx = -1to the function.
Solution:
f(x) = x – 9
f(-1) = (-1) – 9Input x = -1
f(-1) = -10
Thus, thevalue of the function is -10when we inputx = -1to it.
Example 3:A video game company’s annual sales in PHP is a function of the number of copies of video games it sold in the market and is described algebraically by the function S(x) = 450x + 10000 where x is the number of copies of video games sold. Suppose that in 2012, the number of video games sold was 13,000. How much were the company’s annual sales in 2012?
Solution:
Given the functionS(x) = 450x + 10000, the annual sales in 2012 can be determined by inputtingx = 13000(i.e., the number of copies of video games sold) into the given function:
S(x) = 450x + 10000
S(13000) = 450(13000) + 10000Input x = 13000
S(13000) = 5,860,000
Hence,in 2012, the video game company generated annual sales of PHP 5,860,000.
the set of all possible values of the independent variables in a function.
domain of a function
The simplest things to consider when determining the domain of a function are:
The denominator of the function must not be 0.
The value under the square-root sign of the function must be nonnegative (0 or positive).
If the output of a function is always a real number for any real number you input into the function, then the domain of the function is the set of real numbers.
Example 1:Determine the domain of the function
f(x) = 2x + 1.
Solution:Since the given function has no denominator and square root sign, then the domain off(x) = 2x + 1 is the set of all real numbers. This means that whatever real number you substitute toxthe value ofyorf(x)will always be a real number.
We can write the set of real numbers as the domain in this set notation form:
This is read as“the domain is the set of all x such that x is an element of the set of real numbers”, with the last symbol being the set of real numbers.
Example 2:What is the domain of the function
f(x) = x2– 5x + 6?
Solution:Since the given function has no denominator and square root sign, then the domain off(x) = x2– 5x + 6is the set of all real numbers. This means that whatever real number you substitute toxthe value ofyorf(x)will always be a real number.
In set notation form,
D={x|x € R|}
Example 3:Determine the domain of
f(x)=x+1/x-1
Solution:This time, the given function has a denominator which isx – 1. To determine the domain of this function, let us determine first the value ofxthat will make the denominatorx – 1equal to 0.
We can set up an equation:
x – 1 = 0
x = 1Transposition method
Thus, atx = 1, the denominator of the given function is 0.
The value ofxthat will make the denominator 0 will be the value excluded in the domain. Hence, the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers except 1.
Any number you substitute toxwill give you a real number value of function except for 1 because, atx = 1, the denominator will be 0 (which is not allowed since division by 0 is undefined).
In set notation form,
This is read as“the domain is the set of all x such that x is an element of the set of real numbers except 1″.
Example 4:Determine the domain of
f(x)= 9-x/x+15
Solution:We need to find the number that must be excluded in the domain. That number is what will make the denominator 0.
x + 15 = 0
x = -15Transposition method
Therefore, the domain is the set of all real numbers except -15.
In set notation form,
D={x|x € R-15}
Example 5:What is the domain of
f(x)=sqrt(9-x)
Solution:The given function has a square root sign. To find the domain of this function, we must find all values ofxthat will make theradicand(the quantity under the radical sign) nonnegative.
Why do we need to make the radicand nonnegative?Because if the radicand is negative, we have a square root of a negative number which is animaginary numberand not a real number.
This means that we need to find the values ofxsuch that9 – xwill be nonnegative or greater than or equal to 0.
Thus, the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers less than or equal to 9. This means that if you try to substitute a value ofxthat is greater than 9, the value of the function will not be a real number (try to substitute x = 10 to the function and see what will happen).
In set notation form,
D = { x | x ≤ 9}
Example 6:Determine the domain of the function
f(x)=sqrt(x-2)/x-8
Solution:As you can see, the given function has a denominator and a square root sign, hence making it quite tricky.
Let us work for the domain of this function using the considerations one by one:
Starting with the numerator, recall that if we have a square root sign, the radicand must be nonnegative:
x – 2 ≥ 0
x ≥ 2Transposition method
Thus, part of our domain is the set of all real numbers greater than 2.
We’re not done yet as we need to consider the denominator as well.
The denominator must not be zero, so we have:
x – 8 = 0
x = 8Transposition method
Thus, we should excludex = 8from the domain since it will give a denominator value of 0.
Note that we obtainedx ≥ 2earlier and we also discovered thatx = 8should be excluded from the domain. Therefore, our domain should bex≥2 \ 8, orthe set of all real numbers greater than 2 but 8 is not included.
In set notation form,
D = {x | x ≥ 2 \ 8}
the set of all possible values of the dependent variable.
Range
Example 1:If f(x) = x + 3 and g(x) = x + 5, what is (f + g)(x)?
Solution:
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
(f + g)(x) = (x + 3) + (x + 5)
(f + g)(x) = 2x + 8
The answer is(f + g)(x) = 2x + 8
Example 2:Determine (f + g)(1) using the same functions in the previous example.
If f(x) = x + 3 and g(x) = x + 5, what is (f + g)(x)?
Solution:
The symbol(f + g)(1)means that we need to input 1 to the sum function(f + g)(x).
Recall that we obtain(f + g)(x) = 2x + 8in the previous example.
Hence, to determine(f + g)(1):
(f + g)(x) = 2x + 8
(f + g)(1) = 2(1) + 8
(f + g)(1) = 2 + 8
(f + g)(1) = 10
Thus,(f + g)(1) = 10
Example 3:If f(x) = 5x – 2 and g(x) = 3x + 4. Determine (f – g)(2).
Solution:
Let us start by determining(f – g)(x)first:
(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)
(f – g)(x) = (5x – 2) – (3x + 4)
(f – g)(x) = (5x – 2) + (-3x – 4)
(f – g)(x) = 2x – 6
Thus,(f – g)(x) = 2x – 6. To find(f -g)(2),we inputx = 2to the difference function:
(f – g)(2) = 2(2) – 6
(f – g)(2) = 4 – 6
(f – g)(2) = -2
Therefore, the value of(f – g)(2)is -2.