Functions

Question 1

What is the super() function in Python?

Answer 1

The super() function in Python is used to call a method of the parent class from a subclass. It is used to access the parent class’s method, even if the subclass has overridden the method.

Question 2

When would you use super() in Python?

Answer 2

You would use super() in Python when you need to call a method of the parent class from a subclass. This is useful when the subclass has overridden the method, but you still need to access the parent class’s method.

Question 3

What does super().\_\_init\_\_() do in Python?

Answer 3

super().\_\_init\_\_() is used to call the \_\_init\_\_ method of the parent class from a subclass. It is used to properly initialize the parent class and ensure that all its required attributes and methods are properly set up.

Question 4

What are access modifiers in object-oriented programming?

Answer 4

Access modifiers in object-oriented programming are keywords that are used to control the visibility of class members (i.e., fields and methods). They determine whether a class member can be accessed from outside the class, or only within the class itself.

Question 5

What are the three main access modifiers in object-oriented programming?

Answer 5

The three main access modifiers in object-oriented programming are: public, private, and protected.

Question 6

What does the public access modifier do in object-oriented programming?

Answer 6

The public access modifier in object-oriented programming makes a class member visible to all other classes, both within and outside the same package.

Question 7

What does the private access modifier do in object-oriented programming?

Answer 7

The ‘private’ access modifier makes a class member visible only within the same class. A private class member cannot be accessed from subclasses or other classes in the same package.

In other words, private members are completely hidden from any code outside of the class in which they are defined.

Question 8

What does the protected access modifier do in object-oriented programming?

Answer 8

The protected access modifier restricts access to members (fields, properties, and methods) to the class itself and its subclasses, also known as its derived classes, but not to the instances of the class or other classes outside the inheritance hierarchy.

Question 9

What is the default access modifier in Java?

Answer 9

The default access modifier in Java is package-private (also called default). This means that a class member is visible within the same package, but not outside the package.

Question 10

What is a function in programming?

Answer 10

A function in programming is a block of code that performs a specific task. It can be called from other parts of a program to perform the task it was designed for, and can take inputs and return outputs.

Question 11

What is a method in object-oriented programming?

Answer 11

A method in object-oriented programming is a function that is associated with a specific object or class. It can be called on an instance of an object or on the class itself, and can access the object’s data and behavior.

Question 12

What is a constructor in object-oriented programming?

Answer 12

A constructor in object-oriented programming is a special method that is used to initialize an object when it is created. It has the same name as the class, and is called automatically when a new object is created. Constructors can be used to set initial values for the object’s fields, and to perform any necessary setup or validation.

Question 13

What is the difference between a function and a method in programming?

Answer 13

The main difference between a function and a method in programming is that a method is associated with an object or class, while a function is not. Methods can access the data and behavior of an object, while functions can only access the data that is passed to them as arguments.

Question 14

What is the difference between a constructor and a regular method in object-oriented programming?

Answer 14

The main difference between a constructor and a regular method in object-oriented programming is that a constructor is called automatically when a new object is created, while a regular method must be called explicitly. Constructors also have the same name as the class, while regular methods can have any name. Constructors are used to initialize objects when they are created, while regular methods are used to perform tasks or calculations on objects that already exist.

Question 15

What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?

Answer 15

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that is based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and behavior. It allows programmers to create reusable code that can be easily maintained and modified.

Question 16

What is a class in object-oriented programming?

Answer 16

A class in object-oriented programming is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties (fields) and behavior (methods) of the objects that will be created from it.

Question 17

What is an object in object-oriented programming?

Answer 17

An object in object-oriented programming is an instance of a class. It contains data (the values of the class’s fields) and behavior (the methods that can be called on the object).

Question 18

What is inheritance in object-oriented programming?

Answer 18

Inheritance in object-oriented programming is a mechanism that allows a class to be based on another class, inheriting its properties and behavior. The new class is called the subclass, and the original class is called the superclass. The subclass can add new fields and methods, or modify the behavior of the superclass’s methods.

Question 19

What is polymorphism in object-oriented programming?

Answer 19

Polymorphism in object-oriented programming is the ability of an object to take on many forms (i.e., to be treated as an object of multiple classes). It allows different objects to be treated in the same way, regardless of their specific class or type.

Question 20

What is a for loop?

Answer 20

A for loop is a type of loop in programming that is used to iterate over a sequence of values. It allows a block of code to be executed a fixed number of times, based on the length of the sequence being iterated over.

Question 21

What is a while loop?

Answer 21

A while loop is a type of loop in programming that is used to repeat a block of code as long as a specified condition is true. It allows a block of code to be executed an indefinite number of times, until the condition becomes false.

Question 22

What is a do-while loop?

Answer 22

A do-while loop is a type of loop in programming that is similar to a while loop, but guarantees that the code block will be executed at least once, even if the condition is false to begin with.

Question 23

What is a nested loop?

Answer 23

A nested loop is a loop that is contained within another loop. It allows a block of code to be executed for each combination of values from the two loops, resulting in a set of all possible combinations.

Question 24

What is the best type of loop to use when you need to iterate over a sequence of values, such as the elements of an array or a list?

Answer 24

The best type of loop to use when you need to iterate over a sequence of values is a for loop. A for loop allows a block of code to be executed a fixed number of times, based on the length of the sequence being iterated over.

Question 25

What is the best type of loop to use when you need to repeat a block of code as long as a specified condition is true?

Answer 25

The best type of loop to use when you need to repeat a block of code as long as a specified condition is true is a while loop. A while loop allows a block of code to be executed an indefinite number of times, until the condition becomes false.

Question 26

What is the best type of loop to use when you need to guarantee that a block of code will be executed at least once, even if the condition is false to begin with?

Answer 26

The best type of loop to use when you need to guarantee that a block of code will be executed at least once, even if the condition is false to begin with, is a do-while loop. A do-while loop is similar to a while loop, but guarantees that the code block will be executed at least once.

Question 27

What is the best type of loop to use when you need to iterate over the elements of a collection, such as an array or a list?

Answer 27

The best type of loop to use when you need to iterate over the elements of a collection is a for loop. A for loop is a type of loop that is used to iterate over the elements of a collection and allows a block of code to be executed for each element in the collection.

Question 28

What is the best type of loop to use when you need to generate a set of all possible combinations of values from two loops?

Answer 28

The best type of loop to use when you need to generate a set of all possible combinations of values from two loops is a nested loop. A nested loop is a loop that is contained within another loop, and allows a block of code to be executed for each combination of values from the two loops.

Question 29

What’s the syntax for declaring a function in Python?

Answer 29

To declare a function in Python, you use the def keyword followed by the function name and its parameters in parentheses.

Question 30

What is a tuple in Python?

Answer 30

In Python, a tuple is an ordered, immutable collection of values. It is similar to a list, but you cannot add or remove elements from a tuple after it has been created. Tuples are defined using parentheses and commas.

Question 31

What is a dictionary in Python?

Answer 31

In Python, a dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. It is similar to a hash table or associative array in other languages. Dictionaries are defined using curly braces and colons.

Question 32

What is list comprehension in Python?

Answer 32

List comprehension in Python is a concise way to create lists from other iterables, such as lists or tuples. It allows you to create a new list by applying an expression to each element of the original list that meets a certain condition.

Question 33

What is a function in python?

Answer 33

In Python, a function is a block of code that performs a specific task and can be called from other parts of a program. It does not have any association with an object or class. A method, on the other hand, is a function that is associated with an object or class. It can be called on an instance of an object or on the class itself, and can access the object’s data and behavior.

Question 34

Which keyword is used to declare a function in Python.

Answer 34

The def keyword is used to declare a function in Python.

Question 35

A \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a collection of key-value pairs in Python.

Answer 35

A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs in Python.

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a way to create lists in Python by applying an expression to each element of an original list that meets a certain condition.

Answer 36

List comprehension is a way to create lists in Python by applying an expression to each element of an original list that meets a certain condition.

Question 37

A \_\_\_\_\_\_ is an ordered, immutable collection of values in Python.

Answer 37

A tuple is an ordered, immutable collection of values in Python.

Question 38

A \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a function that is associated with an object or class in Python.

Answer 38

A method is a function that is associated with an object or class in Python.

Question 39

A \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a block of code that performs a specific task in Python.

Answer 39

A function is a block of code that performs a specific task in Python.

Question 40

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ function can be used to return multiple values from a function in Python.

Answer 40

The return function can be used to return multiple values from a function in Python.

Question 41

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ operator is used to access an element of a list or tuple in Python.

Answer 41

The square bracket ([]) operator is used to access an element of a list or tuple in Python.

Question 42

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ keyword is used to define a class in Python.

Answer 42

The class keyword is used to define a class in Python.

Question 43

A \_\_\_\_\_\_ is a template for creating objects in Python.

Answer 43

A class is a template for creating objects in Python.

Question 44

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ statement is used to skip the rest of a loop iteration in Python.

Answer 44

The continue statement is used to skip the rest of a loop iteration in Python.

Question 45

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ function is used to sort a list in Python.

Answer 45

The sorted() function is used to sort a list in Python.

Question 46

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ keyword is used to create a new instance of a class in Python.

Answer 46

The \_\_init\_\_() keyword is used to create a new instance of a class in Python.

Question 47

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ operator is used to concatenate two strings in Python.

Answer 47

The + operator is used to concatenate two strings in Python.

Question 48

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ function is used to remove an item from a list in Python.

Answer 48

The remove() function is used to remove an item from a list in Python.

Question 49

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ statement is used to define a block of code that will be executed if an exception is raised in Python.

Answer 49

The try...except statement is used to define a block of code that will be executed if an exception is raised in Python.

Question 50

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ function is used to convert a string to a list in Python.

Answer 50

The list() function is used to convert a string to a list in Python.

Question 51

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ operator is used to access a key-value pair in a dictionary in Python.

Answer 51

The square bracket ([]) operator is used to access a key-value pair in a dictionary in Python.

Question 52

The \_\_\_\_\_\_ function is used to convert a list to a set in Python.

Answer 52

The set() function is used to convert a list to a set in Python.

Question 53

Which of the following is a built-in data type in Python?
a) function
b) class
c) module
d) dictionary

Answer 53

d) dictionary

Functions, classes, and modules are not built-in data types in Python, but dictionaries are. Functions are used to perform specific tasks, classes are used to define objects and their behavior, and modules are used to organize and reuse code.

Question 54

What is the difference between a tuple and a list in Python?
a) A tuple is immutable and a list is mutable.
b) A tuple can only contain integers and a list can contain any data type.
c) A tuple is ordered and a list is unordered.
d) A tuple is a scalar data type and a list is a vector data type.

Answer 54

a) A tuple is immutable and a list is mutable.

In Python, a tuple is an ordered, immutable collection of values, whereas a list is an ordered, mutable collection of values. You cannot add or remove elements from a tuple after it has been created, but you can modify the elements of a list.

Question 55

What is the output of the following code?
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
new_list = [x * 2 for x in my_list if x % 2 == 0]
print(new_list)

Answer 55

a) [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
b) [4, 8]
c) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
d) [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Question 56

Which of the following best describes a class member in Python?
a) A function that is defined inside a class.
b) An instance variable that is defined inside a class.
c) A class variable that is defined outside any method inside a class.
d) A special type of object that inherits from a class.

Answer 56

c) A class variable that is defined outside any method inside a class.

In Python, a class member is a variable or method that belongs to a class and not to any specific instance of the class. A class variable is a variable that is defined outside any method inside a class, and it is shared by all instances of the class. An instance variable, on the other hand, is a variable that is defined inside a method of a class, and it is unique to each instance of the class.

Question 57

What is a package in Python?
a) A collection of related modules.
b) A built-in function that performs a specific task.
c) A special type of object that inherits from a class.
d) An instance of a class that represents a file.

Answer 57

a) A collection of related modules.

In Python, a package is a collection of related modules that are organized in a directory hierarchy. Packages allow you to group related functionality together, making it easier to organize and reuse your code.

Question 58

What is a module in Python?
a) A collection of related packages.
b) A built-in function that performs a specific task.
c) A special type of object that inherits from a class.
d) A file that contains Python code.

Answer 58

d) A file that contains Python code.

In Python, a module is a file that contains Python code. Modules can define functions, classes, and variables, which can be imported and used in other modules or scripts.

Question 59

What is a file object in Python?
a) An instance of a class that represents a file.
b) A variable that stores the path to a file.
c) A module that provides functions for working with files.
d) A package that contains functions for working with files.

Answer 59

a) An instance of a class that represents a file.

In Python, a file object is an instance of a class that represents a file. File objects are used to read from and write to files, and provide methods like read(), write(), and close().

Question 60

What is the purpose of the open() function in Python?
a) To create a new instance of a class.
b) To create a new object of a specific data type.
c) To open a file and return a file object.
d) To import a module or package.

Answer 60

c) To open a file and return a file object.

In Python, the open() function is used to open a file and return a file object. The file object can then be used to read from or write to the file. The open() function takes two arguments: the file name and the mode, which specifies whether the file should be opened for reading, writing, or both.

Question 61

You are defining a class that will be used in multiple modules in your project. Which access modifier should you use for the class?
a) public
b) protected
c) private

Answer 61

a) public

If you want a class to be accessible from other modules in your project, you should use the public access modifier. Public members can be accessed from any module that imports the class. Protected and private members, on the other hand, are only accessible from within the same class or its subclasses.

Question 62

You are defining an instance variable in a class that should not be modified from outside the class. Which access modifier should you use for the variable?
a) public
b) protected
c) private

Answer 62

c) private

If you want an instance variable to be private and not modifiable from outside the class, you should use the private access modifier. Private members are denoted by a double underscore (\_\_) prefix, and can only be accessed from within the same class. Public and protected members can be accessed from outside the class and can be modified directly.

Question 63

You are defining a method in a class that should only be used by subclasses. Which access modifier should you use for the method?
a) public
b) protected
c) private

Answer 63

b) protected

If you want a method to be accessible to subclasses but not to other modules or classes, you should use the protected access modifier. Protected members are denoted by a single underscore (_) prefix, and can be accessed from within the same class or its subclasses. Public members can be accessed from any module or class, and private members can only be accessed from within the same class.

Question 64

You are defining a module that contains functions that should only be used within the module. Which access modifier should you use for the functions?
a) public
b) protected
c) private

Answer 64

c) protected

Using the protected access modifier would allow the functions to be accessible to other classes within the same module, while still preventing them from being used outside the module.

Question 65

________ members are accessible from anywhere, both within and outside of the class.

Answer 65

Public members are like items you would lend out to anyone, and in coding, public members are accessible from anywhere, both within and outside of the class.

Question 66

_________ members are accessible from within the class and any subclasses, but not from outside the class.

Answer 66

Protected members are like items you would only lend out to people you trust, and in coding, protected members are accessible from within the class and any subclasses, but not from outside the class.

Question 67

_________ members are only accessible from within the same class, and not from any subclasses or other classes outside the class.

Answer 67

Private members are like items you would never share with anyone, and in coding, private members are only accessible from within the same class, and not from any subclasses or other classes outside the class.

Question 68

What is a subclass in object-oriented programming?

Answer 68

A subclass is a class that inherits attributes and behaviors from a superclass or parent class.

Question 69

How do you create a subclass in Python?

Answer 69

To create a subclass in Python, use the following syntax:

class MySubclass(MyClass):
def __init__(self, arg1, arg2, arg3):
super().__init__(arg1, arg2)
self.arg3 = arg3

Question 70

What is a superclass in object-oriented programming?

Answer 70

A superclass is a class that is used as a blueprint for creating a subclass, and from which the subclass inherits attributes and behaviors.

Question 71

How do you access the methods of a superclass in a subclass?

Answer 71

To access the methods of a superclass in a subclass, use the super() function, which allows you to call the superclass method from within the subclass. For example:

Question 72

What is method overriding in object-oriented programming?

Answer 72

Method overriding is the process of creating a subclass method with the same name as a superclass method, but with a different implementation.

Question 73

How do you override a method in a subclass in Python?

Answer 73

To override a method in a subclass in Python, use the same method name as the superclass method, but with a different implementation.

Question 74

What is method overloading in object-oriented programming?

Answer 74

Method overloading is the process of creating multiple methods with the same name but different arguments or parameters.

Question 75

Does Python support method overloading? If not, how can you achieve similar functionality?

Answer 75

Python does not support method overloading in the traditional sense, but you can achieve similar functionality using default values for method parameters or using variable-length argument lists.