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Histo > Functional Organization of cells > Flashcards

Functional Organization of cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell

A

The smallest basic living unit

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2
Q

What is a tissue

A

group(s) of cell types and intercellular material that group together to perform specific fxn

I.E. Muscle or Nerve

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3
Q

Organ/Organ System

A

Aggregate of cells/tissues held together by intra/intercellular support structures

I.E. Kidney, Heart, GI Tract

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4
Q

Basic Tissue Types

A

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

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5
Q

Nervous Tissue Characteristics

Cell,extracellular matrix, fxn

A

Cells: Intertwining Elongated
Extracellular Matrix: None
Fxn: Transmision of APs

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

Cell,extracellular matrix, fxn

A

Cells: Aggregated Polyhedral
Extracellular Matrix: minimal
Fxn: lining of surface or body cavities; absorption, glandular secretions

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7
Q

Muscle Tissue Characteristics

Cell,extracellular matrix, fxn

A

Cells: Elongated contractile cells
Extracellular Matrix: Moderate amount
Fxn: Movement

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8
Q

Connective Tissue Characteristics

Cell,extracellular matrix, fxn

A

Cells: Several types of fixed or wandering cells
Extracellular matrix: Abundant amount; matrix is the basis for fxn of each CT type
Fxn: multiple fxns from structure to immunity

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9
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A
  • 2/3 of total body water
  • Primarily a solution of K and organic anions (high K, low NA), CHO, PRO, Lipids, AAs
  • Not homogeneous in your body. It represents a conglomeration of fluids from all the different cells.
  • Cell membrane/metabolism control cytosol contents
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10
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A
  • 1/3 of total body water
    *Primarily a NaCl and NaHCO3 solution.
    *Further subdivided into three sub compartments: Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
    Plasma
    Transcellular Fluid
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11
Q

The 60-40-20 Rule

A

60 % of body weight is water
40% of body weight is intracellular fluids
20% of body weight is extracellular fluid
Cytoplasm- protoplasm of the cell: intracellular fluid and organelles excluding nuclear material

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12
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Surrounds cells, does not circulate

- makes up 3/4 of ECF

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13
Q

Plasma

A

Extracellular component of blood; circulates

- makes up 1/4 of ECF

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14
Q

Transcellular Fluids

A

Outside of normal compartments (~1-2L of fluid
Examples:
-CSF, Synovial fluid, Mucus, digestive juices

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15
Q

Plasmalemma-Phospholipids

A

Polar region: hydroPHILIC (heads)

Non-polar region: hydroPHOBIC (tails)

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16
Q

Selective permeability: plasmalemma fxn

A

hydroPHOBIC molecules pass easily;
hydroPHILIC molecules do not
controls whats allowed into internal cellular environment

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17
Q

Physical isolation: plasmalemma fxn

A

maintenance of internal cell environment

keeps cellular components in protected environment

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18
Q

Immunospecificity: plasmalemma fxn

A

serves as recognition site for other cells and antibodies

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19
Q

hydrophilic molecules

A 
Water soluble
Glucose
Ions
Urea
PRO
*Require specific entry route to get into/out of cell
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20
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A 
Fat soluble
O2
CO2
Alcohol
Lipids, fats
Easily move b/w cytoplasm and extracellular space
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21
Q

Cell Membrane Proportions

A 
Protein: 55%
Phospholipids: 25%
Cholesterol: 13%
Other lipids: 4%
CHO: 3%
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22
Q

Cholesterol

A

Increased amounts of cholesterol=increased viscosity (like jam vs water=thicker)
Allows cell to control fluidity of plasmalemma to faciliate cell mvmt and rigidity

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23
Q

Integral transmembrane proteins

A

span the lipid bi-layer fxn as a channel or pore, carrier proteins, or cell surface receptors

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24
Q

Channel or pore: membrane proteins

A

for water, and water soluble substances (ions)

diffuse between the extracellular and intracellular environments

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25
Q

Carrier proteins: membrane proteins

A

actively transport molecules against the concentration gradient
Transport substances that otherwise could not penetrate and (active transport- against the natural direction of diffusion) enzymes

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26
Q

Cell surface receptor: membrane proteins

A

identification for cells and antibodies

assist in recognition of self and non-self

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27
Q

Ligand

A

molecule that binds to a particular receptor and tells the cell to produce some type of cellular activity.

28
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

occur on one side of the membrane only-typically cytoplasmic side of membrane; ones on outside of membrane=recognition sites

normally attached to integral proteins

Fxn: enzyme catalysts to affect intracellular events (second messenger system)

29
Q

Second Messenger System

A

Classes of intracellular signals acting at or situated within the plasma membrane and translating electrical or chemical messages from the environment into cellular responses

Second messenger system is most important part of the peripheral membrane proteins because they produce cellular activity inside the cell (make things happen from messages from outside cell to inside)

30
Q

Glycocalyx Fxns

A

CHO are linked to proteins and lipids on outer surface of cell membrane

  • serve in cell to cell recognition processes; participate in immune rxns
  • attachment sites for other cells to ECM
  • Some (CHO) are charged negatively; act to repel/attract other charged species
  • CHO serve as receptors for binding hormones (insulin)
31
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genes encoded as DNA

control center of cell

32
Q

Genes fxns

A

Control production of cellular proteins (structural and enzymatic) that ultimately control cytoplasmic and nuclear activity

33
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

contains pores where inner and outer layers fuse
–pores are guarded to restrict mvmt into/out of nucleoplasm
double bilayer

34
Q

Nucleoli

A

accumulation of RNA and ribosomes

–storage site for RNA that is ready to translate into proteins

35
Q

Chromatin

A

coiled strands of DNA, bound to proteins
Heterochromatin (inactive) appears more electron dense than euchromatin (active)

  • H-I=Hetero not active
  • Easily Attracted=E-active
36
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of interconnected tubular and flat vesicular structures
membrane composed of normal lipid bilayer with endoplasmic matrix inside
produces proteins and lipids for cellular use and for secretion
Small vesicles of ER break away from ER and transport contents to Golgi App for final processing

37
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes(RNA & PRO) attached to membrane; often continuous with nuclear membrane
produce new proteins for cell and for secretion

38
Q

Smooth ER

A 
no ribosomes--much like sacroplasmic reticulum
steroid production
membrane phospholipid production
contains numerous enzymes to detoxify 
Ca+ storage
39
Q

Golgi Apparatus Fxns

A

Final packaging center: process substances formed in ER

Synthesize CHO

40
Q

Concentration of substances in small vesicles: Golgi Apparatus

A

vesicles release contents via exocytosis
vesicles fuse with plasmalemma to replenish membrane bilayer
some vesicles remain for intracellular uses

41
Q

Cis face of Golgi App

A

closest to ER, accepts ER vesicles here

42
Q

Trans face of Golgi App

A

nearest plasmalemma, vesicle for export are created here

43
Q

mitochondria Fxns

A

-produce energy through aerobic production of ATP
—energy created is stored in high energy phosphate bonds of ATP
–exist in variable amounts in different cells: muscles=most
Contain their own DNA for self replication

44
Q

Mitochondrial membrane

A

consists of double lipid bilayer

-inner membrane contains enzymes for converting molecular energy into ATP

45
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

cytosol w/in the mitochondrion is filled with enzymes for energy extraction from nutrients

46
Q

Mitochondrial Cristae

A

(protrusions of inner membrane)

-create greater surface area for enzymatic activity

47
Q

Lysosome Fxns

A

final packaging of lysosomes occurs in Golgi App
responsible for digestion of intracellular and extracellular material
exists in different states of activity (optimal activity ion acidic conditions)
Hydrolytic enzymes-(main fxn is digestion) (PRO) synthesized in the RER

48
Q

Primary Lysosome

A

contain digestive enzymes only

can release contents into intercellular space

49
Q

Phagosome: lysosome

A

vesicle of material taken into the cell from the environment (will fuse with primary lysosome)

50
Q

Secondary Lysosome

A

Fusion of phagosome & lysosome

enzymatic digestion takes place–digested material released from the cell via exocytosis

51
Q

Residual body

A

remaining indigestible material, usually removed through exocytosis

52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

fibrillar cell proteins organized into filaments or tubules
provides rigid structural support to cells and allows cells to alter shape, contract, and move
Composed of: microfilaments;intermediate filaments;microtubules

53
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

fibrillar cell proteins organized into filaments or tubules
provides rigid structural support to cells and allows cells to alter shape, contract, and move
Composed of: microfilaments;intermediate filaments;microtubules

54
Q

Cytoskeleton Architecture

A

Actin—same action that they have in the muscular contraction, providing structure and ability to move
Microtubules—acts like a highway
Intermediate filament—architectural structure function, connection to extracellular space

55
Q

Microfilaments-thin filaments

A

slender protein strands–5-7 nm thick
Actin is main protein of microfilaments
**Anchor cytoskeleton to membrane proteins–structural support
**Alter viscosity of cytoplasm-more filaments=greater viscosity
**Interact w/myosin to produce change in cell shape or mvmt of cell (contraction)

56
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

7-11nm diameter
different cell types have varied types/amounts of these filaments
FXN: provide strength and stability for cell shape
stabilize organelle positions
stabilize cell position with respect to surrounding cells-via attachment to cell membrane

57
Q

Common Intermediate Filaments

A

Keratins: found in skin
Vimentin: mesenchymal cells (CT)
Desmin: muscle cells (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)
Glial filaments: glial cells of CNS (astrocytes)
Neurofilaments: neurons

58
Q

Microtubules FXN & Characteristics

A

Maintain cell shape
Participate in intracellular transport of organelles and vesicles providing pathways through the cytoplasm
Make up cilia and flagella
form mitotic spindle for aligning chromosomes during mitosis
composed of alpha and beta subunits of the proteins tubulin

59
Q

Cilia

A

move fluid over stationary cell

60
Q

Flagella

A

provide cell motility

61
Q

Thick filaments-myosin

A

occur as bundles of myosin protein subunits
b/w 12-15 nm in diameter
prevalent in muscle cells–but present in most cell types
interact with actin to produce cellular contraction

62
Q

Plasticity of Organelles

A

Amount of organelles and characteristics vary depending on needs of the cell/tissue

63
Q

Skeletal muscle: plasticity

A

specialized w/abundant amount of myosin and vast # of mitochondria

64
Q

Neurons: plasticity

A

large amounts of RER and microtubules for production and transport of neurotransmitters

65
Q

Cytoskeleton: plasticity

A

proportion of components varies among cell types and also with fxn of cell

66
Q

SER: plasticity

A

modified in liver cells for detoxification and in skeletal muscle for Ca+ storage

Histo (12 decks)

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