Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 2 Oral Biology > Functional Oral Biology: Mastication > Flashcards

Functional Oral Biology: Mastication Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 roles of mastication?

A
  1. Breakdown of foods in preparation for swallowing
  2. Stimulates salivary flow
  3. Involved in growth and maintenance of oro-facial tissues.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does chewing stimulate the release of saliva?

A

Chewing puts pressure on the teeth , which excites nerves around the teeth and back through the reflux pathway which triggers the release of saliva.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The saliva has a high concentration of bicarbonate. What is this responsible for?

A

For helping to neutralise any acids produced by plaque bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do plaque bacteria produce?

A

Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is mastication very important for?

A

For chewing red meat and vegetables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is mastication quite/relatively important for?

A

For breaking down white meat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is mastication not very important for?

A

For breaking down fish, eggs, bread and cheese.
(chewing is not essential here however it helps to speed up absorption- large particles take longer to pass through the gut)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Do you require a full set of teeth to be able to chew properly?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many teeth exist in a “full set”?

A

32

16 upper, 16 lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

With a full set of teeth, how effectively can you chew?

A

You can chew perfectly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

From 7-7, how effectively can you chew?

A

Can still chew very effectively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

From 6-6, how effectively can you chew?

A

Can still chew very effectively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

From 5-5, how effectively can you chew?

A

Masticatory efficiency is sufficient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

From 4-4 how effectively can you chew?

A

Inefficient ability to chew.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What might also result in insufficient chewing ability, despite having more teeth.

A

The teeth they have may not be functionally occluding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 stages of masticatory ingestion?

A
  1. Stage I Transport - Food from lips to posterior teeth
  2. Mastication- Chewing (except from liquids)
  3. Stage II Transport - Food from posterior teeth to there back of the tongue.
  4. Swallowing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 mechanical movements of mastication?

A
  1. Jaw movements
  2. Tongue movements
  3. Cheek movements
  4. Lip movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the jaw movements?

A

The chewing cycles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the tongue movements?

A
  • directing food
  • crushing food
  • mixing food with saliva
20
Q

What are the cheek movements?

A

Directing the food

21
Q

What are the lip movements?

A
  • accepting food
  • retaining food: anterior oral seal
  • directing food
22
Q

How long does the chewing cycle last?

A

0.5 - 1.2 seconds

23
Q

What are the 4 phases of the chewing cycle?

A
  1. Opening
  2. Fast closing
  3. Slow closing
  4. Intercuspal phases
24
Q

When does the jaw swing laterally?

A

When closing.

25
Q

When opening the jaw which way does it swing?

A

Medially

26
Q

What jaw movements would be abnormal at the start and end of the chewing cycle?

What could these abnormalities be due to?

A

It would be abnormal if the jaw swung laterally at the start and medially at the end.

These abnormalities could be due to TMJ problems.

27
Q

During opening of the jaw, which axis does the condylar head (working side) rotate around?

A

The vertical axis.

28
Q

During opening of the jaw, for the working side condylar head, which direction does it move in?

A

It moves slightly laterally and slightly posteriorly.

29
Q

What is the name given to the lateral movement of the condylar head when the jaw opens?

A

The Bennett movement.

30
Q

During opening of the jaw for the non working side condylar head, which direction does it move in and what is the name given to this movement?

A

It moves downwards, forwards and medially.

This movement is known as the Bennet Angle.

31
Q

During the closing of the jaw, for the working side of the condylar head, which direction does it move in and where does it move to?

Is this movement early or late in the closing phase?

A

It moves medially to the normal position of the Glenoid Fossa (rotates back to normal orientation)

This movement is early in the closing phase.

32
Q

During the closing of the jaw, for the non-working side head, which direction does it move in and where does it move to?

Is this movement early or late in the closing phase?

A

It moves upwards, backwards and laterally returning to its original position in the Glenoid Fossa.

This movement is late in the closing phase.

33
Q

During the chewing cycle, a sequence of muscles are activated.

(a) Name these muscles
(b) State the order they are activated in.
(c) Identify which one are involved in opening the jaw and which ones are involved in closing the jaw.
(d) Which one of the opening muscles is active during closing?

A

(a) Mylohyoid, Digastric, Geniohyoid, Later Pterygoid, Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid.
(b) Mylohyoid > Digastric > Geniohyoid > Lateral Pterygoid > Temporalis > Masseter > Medial Pterygoid.
(c) Opening: Mylohyoid, Digastric, Geniohyoid, Lateral Pterygoid.

Closing: Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid.

(d) Lateral Pterygoid

34
Q

What is the lateral pterygoid responsible for?

A

Pulling the condyl forward over the articular eminence when opening the jaw.

35
Q

What is the temporalis responsible for?

A

Retruding the jaw.

36
Q

What are the Masseter and Medial Pterygoid responsible for?

A

Bringing the teeth into occlusion.

37
Q

What are masticatory muscles controlled by?

A

Masticatory muscle motorneurons.

38
Q

What is the ‘chewing centre’?

A

An area in the brainstem that is essentially a pattern generator that sends a pattern of neural signals to the masticatory motorneurons and activates them in the correct sequence.

39
Q

What area of the brain controls the starting and stopping and speeding up and slowing down of chewing?

A

The higher centres of the central nervous system found in the cerebral cortex.

40
Q

What can the higher centres also do?

A

Send signals directly to the masticatory motor neurons (chewing voluntarily).

41
Q

There is peripheral feedback from receptors around the teeth, mouth, muscles and soft tissues. What is the reason for this?

A

Because high chewing forces require good feedback. Therefore the peripheral feedback from receptors give information to the higher centres, the central pattern generator and the motoneurons themselves, influencing the activity (eg. chew softer).

42
Q

What can bypass the pattern generator?

A

Jaw reflexes.

43
Q

What is essential for masticatory forces?

A

Control and feedback.

44
Q

What is the physiological chewing force that is exerted when chewing ?

A

150N (15kg)

45
Q

What is the maximum clenching force that can be exerted?

A

700N (70kg)

Module 2 Oral Biology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions