Functional Neuroanatomy semester 1

Question 1

triune-brain theory (onion brain article)

Answer 1

(a) newer components are literally layered outside of older components as new species emerge, and (b) these newer structures are associated with complex psychological functions we reserve for humans or, if we are feeling generous, for other primates and social mammals

Question 2

prefrontal cortex, a region associated with reason and action planning, is not a uniquely human structure (onion brain article)

Answer 2

True

Question 3

all operate from the premise that all vertebrates possess the
same basic brain—and forebrain—regions. (onion brain article)

Answer 3

True

Question 4

all mammals have a prefrontal cortex (onion brain article)

Answer 4

True

Question 5

MacLean later proposed that humans possess a triune brain consisting of three large divisions that evolved sequentially: The oldest, the “reptilian complex,” controls basic functions such as movement and breathing; next, the limbic system controls emotional responses; and finally, the cerebral cortex controls language and reasoning (onion brain article)

Answer 5

True

Question 6

believing that humans possess unique neural structures tied to specific cognitive functions may send researchers down a path of research that is misguided and may inhibit connections with other fields. (onion brain article)

Answer 6

True

Question 7

longitudinal fissure

Answer 7

A long cleft between the two hemispheres

Question 8

how many neurons and glial cells?

Answer 8

There are around 100 billion neurons in the human nervous system and a similar number of glial cells.

Question 9

electrical signals are used to convey information rapidly from one part of a neuron to another, whereas chemical messengers are typically used to carry information between neurons

Answer 9

True

Question 10

what is the most common neuron in vertebrate?

Answer 10

The vast majority of vertebrate neurons are multipolar, meaning that there are multiple dendritic projections from the cell body and almost always an axon as well

Question 11

Golgi staining

Answer 11

A method that infiltrates all the processes of a small percentage of neurons with heavy metals, causing them to stand out from an unstained or counterstained background

Question 12

interneurons

Answer 12

have all their processes confined to a single small area of the CNS.

Question 13

projection neurons

Answer 13

long axons connecting different areas, as in a neuron in the cerebral cortex whose axon reaches the spinal cord

Question 14

more than 99% of our neurons are interneurons or projection neurons

Question 15

Gray matter and White matter

Answer 15

Gray matter refers to areas where there is a preponderance of cell bodies and
dendrites. (In life, however, gray matter is actually a pinkish-gray color because of its abundant blood supply.)
White matter refers to areas where there is a preponderance of axons; many axons have a myelin sheath (described later in this chapter) that is mostly lipid and
therefore has a fatty, white appearance

Question 16

how to give a name for an axon?

Answer 16

. Many tracts have two-part
names that provide some free information about the
nature of the tract: The first part of the name refers to
the location of the neuronal cell bodies from which these
axons originate, and the second part refers to the site
where they terminate. Thus a spinocerebellar tract is a
collection of axons with cell bodies in the spinal cord
and synaptic endings in the cerebellum

Question 17

Nissl bodies

Answer 17

particularly prominent in large neurons, a consequence of the
large total volume of cytoplasm contained in their processes, and appear in characteristic configurations in different neuronal types.

Question 18

Transport away from the soma is termed anterograde, and transport
toward the soma is termed retrograde.

Question 19

Microtubules serve as the “railroad tracks” for fast transport.

Question 20

Some things move preferentially in the anterograde direction, others in the retrograde direction. This is made possible by the longitudinal polarity of microtubules: tubulin is a structurally polarized molecule and can only be added in one orientation to one end (called the plus end) of an existing microtubule

Question 21

סוגי נוירונים

Answer 21

• יוניפולארי - נוירונים שאופייניים לחסרי חוליות. שלוחה אחת שיוצאת מגוף התא. בחולייתנים-
פסאודו-יוניפולריים )בעיקר בחוט השדרה(
• ביפולארי - שולחה אחת מפתקדת גדנדריט ואחת כאקסון. נמצאים במערכות סנסוריות )חוש הריח,
המערכת הסומטוסנסורי( נמצאים למשל ברשתית בעין.
• מולטיפולארי ים - אלה הנוירונים הנפוצים ביותר. אקסון אחד והרבה דנדריטים מסועפים. גם כאן
המורפולוגיה, הצורה של הנוירונים היא מאוד מגוונת.