Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Anatomical Positional Terms
-Superior (dorsal)
– Anterior (rostral)
– Posterior (caudal)
– Inferior (ventral)
Anatomical Directional Terms
– Medial: toward the middle.
– Lateral: toward the side.
– Proximal: close to the middle.
– Distal: away from the middle.
– Ipsilateral: on the same side.
– Contralateral: on the opposite side
Ventricular System
Ventricular Cavities: Filled with CSF; Support weight of brain and provides constant pressure; Disposing of waste; Four ventricles, all are connected.
» Each hemisphere has a lateral ventricle, connected to third (foramen of Monro), connected to fourth (cerebral aqueduct).
–Ventricular Walls: Contain choroid plexus; 60% of CSF production here but also produced in subarachnoid space
Anterior Cerebral Artery
- Contralateral hemiplegion lower limbs.
- Left ACA expressive aphasia (highly unlikely), Right ACA expressive aprosodia (highly unlikely).
- Personality changes with orbitofrontal
Middle Cerebral Artery
-May affect most of an entire hemisphere.
» Contralesional hemiplegia and hemianesthesia
» Expressive and receptive aphasia and aprosodia.
» Homonymous hemianopia or quadrantanopia.
» Apraxia.
» Gerstmann’s Syndrome: finger agnosia, L/R
confusion, acalculia, agraphia
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Visual deficits.
» Color perception.
» Prosopagnosia and Simultanagnosia
» Alexia without agraphia with involvement of posterior forceps of corpus callosum.
» Thalamic syndrome.
» Amnesia with mesial temporal involvement.
Medulla
(hindbrain) Contains myelinated tracts for sensory and motor information.
» About 90% of distal most fibers cross over.
» Less for more proximal fibers
Geniculate Bodies
Lateral Geniculate Body – projects to visual cortex.
Medial Geniculate Body – projects to auditory cortex
Primary Areas
Motor area: located on precentral gyrus.
– Somatosensory: postcentral gyrus.
– Visual area: occipital lobe.
– Auditory: superior temporal gyrus.
– Gustatory: insular cortex.
– The rest is largely association cortex.
» Elaboration and integration of sensory information
Primary Zones
Primary projection areas.
– High modal specificity.
» Respond to senses.
– Topographically arranged.
» Tonotopic organization of audition.
» Visual organization.
-sensation
Secondary Zones
- Adjacent to primary zones.
– Modality specific information integrated into meaningful
– secondary is perception or gnosis.
– Disruption results in modality specific perceptual
difficulties
Tertiary Zones
Integrates information from across sensory modalities.
– Lies at border of parietal, occipital, and temporal
secondary zones.
– Disruption transcends any single sensory modality.
– No modality specific sensory specificity
White Matter
– Three types of fibers:
» Association: connect various regions within one
hemisphere, intracerebral.
» Commissural: intercerebral, connect homologous
areas.
» Projection: carry information from deeper structures
to cortex or from cortex to deeper structures.
– Signs and symptoms may arise from damage to these
cables, disconnection syndromes.
Corona Radiata
Fiber bundles in the cerebral white matter.
» Contain ascending and descending fibers that carry information to and away from cerebral
cortex.
» Ventrally converge to become internal capsule.
» Dorsally are continuous with centrum semiovale
Internal Capsule
» WM projection fibers, ascending and descending
» Connects cerebral hemispheres to subcortical
structures, brainstem, spinal cord
» Motor and sensory
» Anterior limb – emotion, cognition, decision making,
motivation, psychiatric illnesses
» Genu – controlling muscles of face and neck, facial
musculature, mastication, swallowing
» Posterior limb – sensory and motor fibers
