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ESA 3- Urinary System > Functional Histology of the Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Functional Histology of the Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the kidney surrounded by?

A

A fibrous capsule

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2
Q

What is the kidney organised into?

A

Two layers, the cortex and the medulla

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3
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

The renal corpuscles

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4
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

Tubules

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5
Q

Where is the renal blood supply from?

A

The renal artery

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6
Q

What is the renal artery a branch of?

A

The abdominal aorta

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7
Q

What does the renal artery eventually become?

A

The glomeruli and the vasa recta

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8
Q

What are the vasa recta?

A

The ‘straight vessels’ that run up and down the medulla

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9
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Superficial glomeruli
  • B - Interlobular vein
  • C - Peritubular capillary bed
  • D - Arcuate vein
  • E - Arcuate artery
  • F - Ascending vasa recta
  • G - Descending vasa recta
  • H - Henle’s loop of nephron
  • I - Interlobar vein
  • J - Interlobar artery
  • K - Renal medulla (pyramid)
  • L - Duct of Bellini
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10
Q

Label this diagram

A
  • A - Convoluted tubules
  • B - Cortex
  • C - Bowman’s capsule
  • D - Glomerulus
  • E - Renal corpuscle
  • F - Medullary rays
  • G - Loops of Henle and collecting tubules
  • H - Medulla
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11
Q

What does the kidney nephron consist of?

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule
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12
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

It is the blood filtering component of the nephron

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13
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A
  • Vascular pole
  • Urinary pole
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14
Q

Draw a labelled diagram of the kidney nephron

A
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15
Q

What does the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle consist of?

A
  • Afferent/efferent arterioles
  • Glomerulus
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16
Q

What does the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle consist of?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

What is the renal tubule derived from in development?

A

The ureteric bud

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18
Q

What happens to the renal tubule during development?

A

It envelops the growing glomerulus, resulting in a double-layered cover

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19
Q

What is the double layered cover of the renal tubule called?

A

The Bowman’s capsule

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20
Q

Label this histograph

A
  • A - Bowman’s Capsule + Glomerulus
  • B - PCT x-section
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21
Q

Label this histograph

A
  • A - Bowman’s space
  • B - Bowman’s capsule
  • C - Glomerulus
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22
Q

What is the filtration barrier in the kidney made up of?

A
  • The capillary endothelium
  • The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
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23
Q

What is the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule made up of?

A

Podocytes

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24
Q

What are podocytes?

A

‘Cells with feet’

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25
Q

What do podocytes look like?

A

Lots of tentacles wrapped around the capillaries

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26
Q

What kind of capillary endothelium does the filtration barrier have?

A

Fenestrated, the leakiest capillary in the body

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27
Q

What invests in the capillary endothelium of the filtration barrier?

A

Podocytes

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28
Q

What is made when the podocytes invest in the capillary endothelium

A

Filtration slits

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29
Q

What do the podocytes and fenestrated capillary endothelium of the filtration barrier share?

A

A basement membrane

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30
Q

What does the parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule make?

A

A ‘funnel’

31
Q

What is the purpose of the funnel created by the parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

To collect the ultrafiltrate to drain into the PCT at the urinary pole

32
Q

Label this diagram of the filtration barrier

A
  • A - Secondary process (pedical)
  • B - Filtration slit
  • C - Podocyte
  • D - Podocyte cell body
  • E - Primary process
33
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

The lonegest, most convuluted section of the tubule

34
Q

What happens at the PCT?

A

Reabsorption begins

35
Q

What is the PCT lined with?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with a pronounced brush border membrane

36
Q

What does the loop of Henle consist of?

A
  • Pars recta
  • Thin descending limb
  • Thin ascending limb
  • Thick ascending limb
37
Q

What are the parts of the loop of Henle described on the basis of?

A

Apperance/epithelial lining

38
Q

What does each part of the loop of Henle have?

A

Specialised function

39
Q

Where does the thin limb of the loop of Henle travel?

A

Dips down into the medulla

40
Q

What in the thin limb of the loop of Henle lined with?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

41
Q

Is there active transport in the thin limb of the loop of Henle?

42
Q

Is there a brush border in the thin limb of the loop of Henle?

43
Q

What does the thin limb of the loop of Henle histologically resemble?

A

A small capillary, but no RBCs

44
Q

Where is the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle best seen?

A

In the medulla

45
Q

What is the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle interspersed with?

A
  • Thin limbs
  • Vasa recta
  • Collecting duct
46
Q

What is the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle lined with?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

47
Q

What differentiates the thick ascending limb from the PCT?

A

The thick ascending limb doesn’t have a brush border

48
Q

What takes place in the thick ascending limb?

A

Active transport

49
Q

Where is the distal convoluted tubule found?

A

In the cortex

50
Q

What does the DCT make contact with?

A
  • Its ‘parent’ glomerulus
51
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule contain?

A

Numerous mitochondria

52
Q

How does the DCT compare to the PCT?

A

It has no brush border and a larger lumen

53
Q

What is this histogram showing?

54
Q

What is this histogram showing?

A

Thin limb of Henle’s loop

55
Q

What is this histograph showing?

A

Thick limb of Henle’s loop

56
Q

What is this histograph showing?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

57
Q

What are the structures of the juxtaglomerular appartus named for?

A

Their close proximity to the glomerulus of each nephron

58
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular appartus consist of?

A
  • Macula Densa
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
  • Extraglomerular Mesangial cells (aka lacis cells)
59
Q

Label this histograph

A
  • A - Distal convoluted tubule
  • B - Macula densa
  • C - Proximal convoluted tubule
  • D - Extraglomerular mesangial cells
60
Q

What is this histograph showing?

A

A collecting duct

61
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

A continuatin of the DCT via the collecting tubule

62
Q

What is the collecting duct similar in apperance too?

A

The thick limbs of Henle’s loop

63
Q

How does the apperance of the collecting duct differ from that of the thick limbs of Henle’s loop?

A

The lumen is larger, and tends to be more irregular than circular

64
Q

What forms the renal pyramid?

A

Progressively larger ducts merge together and empty at the renal papilla. This forms a pyramid shape

65
Q

Label this histograph

A
  • A - Ducts
  • B - Calyx
66
Q

What is this histograph showing?

A

The ureter

67
Q

What is the ureter?

A

A tube running from the renal pelvis to the bladder

68
Q

How many layers of muscle does the ureter have?

A

Two, with a third appearing in the lower third

69
Q

What is the ureter lined by?

A

A specialised epithelium, transitional (aka urinary) epithelium, or urothelium

70
Q

How many layers or muscle does the urinary bladder have?

71
Q

What type of epithelium is the internal epithelium of the urinary bladder?

A

Transitional

72
Q

What is the urinary bladder surrounded by?

A

An outer adventita

73
Q

What are the features of urothelium?

A
  • Stratified epithelium
  • ‘Umbrella cells’ on the surface layer
74
Q

What is the purpose of the umbrella cells on the urothelium?

A

Make it impermeable

ESA 3- Urinary System (13 decks)

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