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GI > Functional histology of GIT > Flashcards

Functional histology of GIT Flashcards

1
Q

DESCRIBE MUCOSA OF STOMACH

  1. CELL TYPE
  2. OTHER FEATURES
  3. 3 DISTINCT HISTOLOGICAL ZONES
A

1.Simple columnar epithelia

2. gastric pits 
Gastric glands (2/3/4)  - open into gastric pits
  1. 3 distinct histological zones
    Cardia – small area
    Fundus and body
    Pylorus
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2
Q

11 CELLS OF GASTRIC GLAND

A
  1. Surface mucous cells
  2. Mucous neck cells
  3. Parietal or oxyntic cells
  4. Chief cells or zymogenic cells
  5. Neuroendocrine cells
  6. Enterochromafin Cells
  7. Ghrelinergic cells
  8. G cells
  9. Delta cells
  10. Stem cells
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3
Q

Surface mucous cells

A

Secrete bicarbonate and mucous

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4
Q

Mucous neck cells

function

A

Secrete mucous

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5
Q

Parietal or oxyntic cells

  1. how to tell that it apart from other cells?
  2. function
A
  1. Extensive eosinophilic cytoplasm

2. Secrete HCl & intrinsic factor

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6
Q

Chief cells or zymogenic cells

  1. how to tell that it apart from other cells?
  2. function
A
  1. Basophilic cytoplasm due to large amt. of rER.

2. Secrets pepsinogen and lipase

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7
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

function

A

Secrete Somatostatin, serotonin, gastrin, histamine, ghrelin

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8
Q

Enterochromafin cells

function

A

secrete Serotonin

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9
Q

Ghrelinergic cells

  1. Where can it be found in the Stomach?
  2. Function
A
  1. fundus and pylorusSecretes 2. Ghrelin when stomach is empty
    and Stimulates hypothalamus to increase hunger and increase gastric acid secretion and GI motility.
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10
Q

G cells

  1. Where can it be found in the Stomach?
  2. Function
A
  1. pylorus

2. Secrete gastrin which Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

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11
Q

Delta cells

  1. Where can it be found in the stomach?
  2. Function
A

1.pylorus
2. Produce somatostatin which
directly acts on parietal cells to reduce HCl secretion

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12
Q

Fundus / Body

  1. Described gastric pits
  2. Described gastric glands
  3. What do the glands consist of? (3)
A
  1. Gastric pits are shallow
  2. Gastric glands are long.
  3. chief cells, parietal cells, mucous neck cells
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13
Q

Pylorus

  1. Described gastric pits
  2. Described gastric glands
  3. What do the glands consist of?
A
  1. Gastric pits are deep.
  2. Pyloric glands are short.
  3. Glands consists of mucous secreting cell and neuroendocrine cells
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14
Q
  1. what does Muscularis externa of stomach consist of?

2. What does serosa consist of?

A

1.Inner oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

  1. Serosa – lining of mesothelium
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15
Q

Describe cells in Gastro-oesophageal junction

A

Abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar glandular secretory mucosa

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16
Q

Describe the mucosa in the small intestine

A

circular folds/plicae circulares

Epithelia – simple columnar with few goblet cells

Villi – surface projection from epithelial surface

Lamina propria – with crypt of Lieberkuhn/ intestinal glands , lymphocytes , payer’s patches (ileum)

Muscularis mucosae

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17
Q

Describe the submucosa of the small intestines

A

Loose areolar tissue, plexus of blood vessels , lymphocytes

Meissner’s plexus of nerves – signals glands to secrete

Brunner’s gland – duodenum

Payer’s patches – Ileum

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18
Q

Describe Muscular coat Of small intestines

A

Outer longitudinal smooth muscles
Inner circular smooth muscles
Myenteric (Auerbach’s ) plexus of nerves – controls peristalsis

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19
Q

What is the outermost layer of the small Intestines?

A

Serosa or Adventitia

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20
Q

3 Modifications for absorption in Small Intestine

A
  1. Circular folds (Plicae circularis/ Valves of Kerckring)
  2. Villi
  3. Microvilli
21
Q
  1. what are Circular folds ?

2. function

A
  1. deep permanent folds of mucosa with a core of submucosa , about 1cm tall
  2. force chyme to spiral through the lumen, slowing its movement and allowing time for full nutrient absorption.
22
Q

what are Villi ?

what type of cells in villi?

what does the core of vili contain?

A

Finger-like projections of mucosa, about 1mm high
epithelial cells of villi (enterocytes) are chiefly absorptive columnar cells
core of villi contains dense capillary bed and wide lymphatic capillary called lacteal.

23
Q

Microvilli function

A

give the mucosal surface a fuzzy appearance called brush border.

24
Q
  1. Small intestine - cells
A
  1. Surface Absorptive cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Enteroendocrine cells
  4. Paneth cells
  5. Intestinal crypts Epithelial cells
  6. M cells
25
Q

Surface Absorptive cells

A

Uptake digested nutrients

26
Q

Goblet cells

  1. number of cells
  2. function
A
  1. number increases from duodenum to ileum

2. Secrete mucus that lubricates chyme

27
Q

Enteroendocrine cells function

A

Secrete hormones (secretin & cholecystokinin)

28
Q

Paneth cells function

A

Releases antimicrobial enzymes such as defesins and lysozyme

29
Q

Intestinal crypts Epithelial cells

function

A

Secrete intestinal juice

30
Q

M cells (microfold cells function

A

endocytosis of antigens from the lumen and transport to the underlying lymphoid tissue where immune response is initiated

31
Q

Large Intestine - colon

cell type?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells

32
Q

where does Epithelium in large intestin change?

A

Epithelium changes at lower part of anal canal (below pectinate line)
stratified squamous epithelium

33
Q

presence of villi in large intestine

A

Villi are absent

34
Q

glands present

what type of gland?

A

Intestinal crypts of Leiberkuhn –

simple tubular glands

35
Q

glands present in large intestine

what type of gland?

A

Intestinal crypts of Leiberkuhn –

simple tubular glands

36
Q

describe Submucosa in Large intestine

A

considerable amount of fat

37
Q

Describe large intestine in Muscularis externa

A

inner circular

Outer longitudinal – forms 3 flattened thicker strands taenia coli

38
Q

Ano-rectal junction

cell type

A

Columnar epithelia changes to stratified epithelia

39
Q

Appendix

Mucosa

1.cell type

  1. Lamina propria
    constituents
  2. Muscularis mucosae
A
  1. Simple columnar epithelia
  2. Lamina propria

Crypts of Lieberkuhn – few compared to colon
lymphoid tissue

  1. interrupted
40
Q

Appendix

Submucosa

A

lymphoid tissue

41
Q

Appendix

Muscularis externa

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles

42
Q

appendix

outmost layer

A

Serosa

43
Q

Liver

A

Both exocrine and endocrine gland.
Glisson’s capsule – CT covering
liver cells / Hepatocytes ( polyhedral shape).
in cords radiating from central vein .
sinusoids present in between the cell cords.
sinusoids with Von Kupffer cells ( star-shaped macrophages).
Liver sinusoids – enlarged, leaky capillaries located between hepatic plates
Kupffer cells – hepatic macrophages found in lining of sinusoids
Space of Disse (perisinusoidal space) space between the hepatocytes and sinusoids
Bile canaliculi - belt like network around individual hepatocytes

44
Q

Gallbladder

Mucosa

Lamina propria

Muscular layer

Outer layer

A

Mucosa – surface epithelium (simple columnar with brush border) & lamina propria and is devoid of glands.

Muscular layer (Fibromuscular coat) – smooth muscle fibres interwoven with lot of collagen & elastic fibers

Outer layer
Perimuscular coat/Adventia (liver side) – connective tissue rich in elastic fibers.
Serosa (unattached side)- visceral peritoneum over the perimuscular connective tissue

45
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine part

CT capsule surrounds pancreas

Septa divide it into lobules

Compound acinar gland (serous acinus)

Centro-acinar cells
cubical cells lining the junction of acinus and duct
Intercalated, intralobular and interlobular ducts

46
Q

Pancreas- structure

A

Acinar wall lined by tall columnar secretory cells

Cells present basal and apical zones

Basal zone basophilic, striated and has mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus is basal

Apical zone eosinophilic and has trypsinogen granules in Golgi apparatus

Secretions
1500 – 3000ml pancreatic fluid (alkaline)
Contain water, ions, lipases, proteases, amylase, nucleases, ribonuclease

47
Q

Pancreas - Endocrine part

A

Endocrine part – accounts for 2% of pancreatic mass
Islet of Langerhans – abundant in tail region
alpha cells (glucagon) – 20%
beta cells (insulin) - 70% & centrally located
delta cells (somatostatin & pancreatic gastrin)
PP cells - pancreatic polypeptides

48
Q

Esophagus

A

Mucosa - Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelia
for protection
Mucous oesophageal glands in LP
Submucosa
oesophageal glands - produce mucous
reduces friction between bolus and esophageal lining
Meissner’s nerve plexus
Muscularis externa
Inner circular & outer longitudinal muscles
Upper 1/3rd – striated
Middle 1/3rd – mixed
Lower 1/3rd – smooth
for peristaltic movement
Myenteric nerve plexus
Adventitia /serosa – serosa in the abdominal part

GI (5 decks)

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