functional groups - Unit 4 AOS 1

Question 1

the carbon atom

Answer 1

• carbon atoms contain 4 valence electrons and so can form 4 covalent bonds leading to a wide range of boding possibilities
• they form strong covalent bonds adding to stability
• they can form alkenes or alkynes, which are unsaturated and do very reactive

Question 2

saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 2

• compounds that contain only single carbon to carbon bonds

Question 3

unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 3

• compounds that contain at least one double or triple carbon to carbon bond

Question 4

bond energy

Answer 4

• The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy needed to pull the atoms apart. This is called the
  bond energy and has a unit of kilojoule(s) per mole (kJ mol–1).

Question 5

stability of carbon atoms

Answer 5

• bond length: refers to the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms. The shorter the bond, the more difficult it is to break and so bond energy increases as the length of the bond decreases
• difference in electronegativity: The larger the difference in electronegativities, the stronger the bond (FONCl is the order of decreasing electronegativity)

Question 6

alkane

Answer 6

• saturated hydrocarbons that only contain single carbon-carbon binds
• They have the general formular: CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms
• alkanes are non polar

Question 7

alkenes

Answer 7

• an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one double carbon-carbon bond
• They have the general formular: CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms
• alkenes are non polar

Question 8

cylohexane

Answer 8

• an alkane arranged in a closed ring with no terminal carbon
• C6H12
• non polar

Question 9

benzene

Answer 9

• cyclic compound that has 6 carbon atoms in its ring structure, each bonded to one hydrogen atom and two adjacent carbon atoms.
• C6H6

Question 10

Haloalkane

Answer 10

• A haloalkane is formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms attached to an alkane’s carbon chain with a halogen

Question 11

primary amine

Answer 11

• A primary amine is where the amine group (NH2) is on the terminal carbon

Question 12

primary amide

Answer 12

• organic compound that contains an amide functional group at a terminal carbon atom (CONH2)

Question 13

alcohol

Answer 13

• derivatives of hydrocarbons that have a hydroxyl (−OH) group bonded to a carbon atom in the carbon chain

Question 14

aldehyde

Answer 14

• In aldehydes , one of the remaining bonds on the carbon atom in the carbonyl group is bonded to a hydrogen atom, forming the aldehyde functional group (−CHO), which can only exist at the end of a carbon chain.

Question 15

ketone

Answer 15

• each of the two remaining bonds on the carbon in the carbonyl group are bonded to an alkyl group

Question 16

carboxyl group

Answer 16

• contain a carboxyl group (−COOH), which is always found at the end of the carbon chain

Question 16

ester

Answer 16

• (−COOC−) group, which is found within the carbon chain.
• comes from joining an alcohol and a carboxylic acid releasing water