Functional groups and dipole moments

Question 1

What determines the 3D structure of a molecule?

Answer 1

Molecular orbitals

Question 2

What are isomers?

Answer 2

Molecules that have the same formula as each other, but the atoms are arranged differently and sometimes have different bond connectivities

Question 3

What are constitutional isomers?

Answer 3

Isomers where the bond connectivity is different

Question 4

What are stereoisomers?

Answer 4

Isomers with the same bond connectivity, but different spatial arrangement

Question 5

Why is atom connectivity important for how a molecule behaves?

Answer 5

Affects physical properties and reactivity of the molecule

Question 6

What are functional groups?

Answer 6

A certain grouping of atoms that behave in a predictable way

Question 7

What is an alkene?

Answer 7

C-C double bonds

Question 8

What is an alkyne?

Answer 8

C-C triple bond

Question 9

What is a phenyl group?

Answer 9

Benzene ring

Question 10

What is an amine? What are the 3 types?

Answer 10

N with a lone pair. Can have 2 H (primary), 1 H and 1 R group (secondary), or 2 R groups (tertiary)

Question 11

What is an alcohol?

Answer 11

OH. O has two lone pairs

Question 12

What is an ether?

Answer 12

R-O-R. 2 lone pairs on O

Question 13

What is an alkyl halide?

Answer 13

C bonded to either F, Cl, Br, or I. Halide will have 3 lone pairs

Question 14

What is a thiol?

Answer 14

SH

Question 15

What is a nitrile?

Answer 15

C-N triple bond

Question 16

What is an aldehyde?

Answer 16

C-O double bond, with an H filling the last open spot on C

Question 17

What is a ketone?

Answer 17

C-O double bond, with an R group filling the last open spot on C

Question 18

What is an ester?

Answer 18

C-O double bond, with O-R filling the last open spot on C

Question 19

What is a carboxylic acid?

Answer 19

C-O double bond, with OH filling the last open spot on C

Question 20

What is an amide?

Answer 20

C-O double bond, with NH2 (primary), NHR (secondary), or NR2 (tertiary) filling the third spot

Question 21

What is electronegativitiy?

Answer 21

How well an atom attracts electrons to itself

Question 22

What is the pattern of electronegativity in the periodic table?

Answer 22

Increases further right along a row, and decreases further down a column

Question 23

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 23

Bond involving the transfer of electrons between atoms with opposite charges

Question 24

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 24

Bond involving the sharing of electrons between atoms with similar electronegativities

Question 25

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

Answer 25

Polar and non-polar

Question 26

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

Answer 26

A bond between atoms with very similar electronegativities

Question 27

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 27

A bond between atoms with larger differences in their electronegativities

Question 28

What is a dipole moment?

Answer 28

A measure of bond polarity

Question 29

Why do C-O and C-N double and triple bonds have a stronger dipole moment than C-O or C-N single bonds?

Answer 29

Single bonds are longer. Shorter bonds have a stronger dipole moment

Question 30

What contributes to the molecular dipole moment?

Answer 30

All the individual bonds and lone pairs in a molecule, and its 3D shape