Functional groups Flashcards

1
Q

What are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols oxidised to?

A

Primary alcohols to aldehydes/ carboxylic acids
secondary alcohols to ketones
tertiary alcohols can’t be oxidised

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2
Q

Why are alcohols polar?

A

Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen so electrons are pulled closer to oxygen resulting in an uneven distribution.

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3
Q

Why do alcohols have a higher mp than alkanes?

A

Alcohols have forces AND hydrogen bonding. Alkanes have no hydrogen bonding.

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4
Q

What is the symbol for a thiol group?

A

SH

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5
Q

Is sulphur more or less electronegative than oxygen?

A

Less electronegative

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6
Q

What is the functional group of ethers and do they have a higher or lower bp than alcohols?

A

R-O-R

lower bp

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7
Q

When two thiol groups react in an oxidation what type of bond is created?

A

Disulphide bond

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8
Q

What is a thioether and give an example of a common one?

A

Sulfur atom connected to two alkane chains

methionine- essential amino acid

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9
Q

What is the difference between a ketone and an aldehyde?

A

A ketone has a double bond to an oxygen in the middle of the chain whereas aldehydes have double bonds to oxygen at the end of the chains

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10
Q

Can aldehydes and ketones form hydrogen bonds?

A

Only with water

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11
Q

Do carboxylic acids have a high or low mp?

A

Very high mp as they form hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

How are esters formed and do they form hydrogen bonds?

A

Condensation of a carboxylic acid an alcohol.

The H of the carboxyl group is replaced so hydrogen bonding is eliminated.

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13
Q

What is the difference between an ester and a thioester?

A

In a thioester, an oxygen from the ester is replaced with a S

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14
Q

What are the structures of primary, secondary and tertiary amines?

A

primary - R-N-H
|
H

secondary - R-N-H
|
R

tertiary - R-N-R
|
R

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15
Q

What affects the bp of amines?

A

The number of hydrogen bonds to the amine

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16
Q

What are the structures of the primary, secondary and tertiary amides?

A

Primary - R-C=O
|
H-N-H

Secondary - R-C=O
|
H-N-H

Tertiary - R-C=O
|
R-N-R

17
Q

Describe the strength of amines compared to their corresponding alcohol and amides compared to their corresponding carboxyl group

A

Amines are weaker than their corresponding alcohol.

Amides are stronger than their corresponding carboxyl group.