Functional Groups Flashcards
Order functional groups by priority from lowest priority to highest priority.
Alkanes<Alynes=Alkenes (unless cyclic structure)<Alcohols<Ketones<Aldehydes<Amides<Esters<Anhydrides<Carboxylic Acids
What is the highest priority functional group?
Carboxylic acid
How are functional groups organized?
Oxidation state
What is the prefix and suffix for alkanes?
Prefix: alkyl- Suffix: -ane
What is the prefix and suffix for alkynes?
Prefix: alkynyl- Suffix: -yne
What is the prefix and suffix for alkenes?
Prefix: alkenyl- Suffix: -ene
What is the prefix and suffix for alcohols?
Prefix: hydroxy- Suffix: -ol
What is the prefix and suffix for ketones?
Prefix: oxo-, keto- Suffix: -one
What is the prefix and suffix for aldehydes?
Prefix: oxo- Suffix: -al
What is the prefix and suffix for amides?
Prefix: amido- Suffix: -amide
What is the prefix and suffix for esters?
Prefix: alkoxycarbonyl- Suffix: -oate
What is the prefix and suffix for anhydrides?
Prefix: alkanoloxycarbonyl Suffix: -anhydride
What is the prefix and suffix for carboxylic acids?
Prefix: carboxy- Suffix: -oic acid
What is the formula for alkanes?
CnH(2n+2)
What is a diol?
A molecule that contains two hydroxyl groups.
What is a vicinal diol?
A vicinal diol has two hydroxyl groups located on adjacent carbon atoms.
What is a geminal diol?
A geminal diol has two hydroxyl groups on the same carbon atom.
What is a carbonyl group?
C=O, a carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen atom
What is the common name for methanal?
formaldehyde
What is the common name for ethanal?
acetaldehyde
What is the common name for propanal?
propionaldehyde
How are the common names for ketones constructed?
Naming alkyl groups alphabetically and adding ketone
What is the smallest ketone?
Acetone
What is the IUPAC name for the smallest ketone?
Propanone
What is the lettering scheme for carbons in carbonyl-containing compounds?
The carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group is the alpha-carbon.
What are the carbonyl-containing functional groups?
Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, anhydrides, esters
What is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
An aldehyde has a carbonyl group on the terminal carbon that is also attached to a hydrogen atom. A ketone has a carbonyl group on a nonterminal carbon.
How are anhydrides formed?
An anhydride is formed from two carboxylic acids by dehydration.
What is a phosphate group?
A phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; with one of the oxygen atoms double bonded to the phosphate, and the three other oxygen atoms single bonded to the phosphate, one of the oxygen atoms should be bonded to another atom
