functional groups Flashcards
What are the four class of hydrocarbons?
Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
What is the definition of hydrocarbons?
molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen only.
Alkanes are _________(saturated/unsaturated).
saturated
Alkenes and alkynes are ______________(saturated/unsaturated).
unsaturated
Why are alkanes saturated?
single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms
Why are alkenes and alkynes unsaturated?
double bonds and triple bonds between the carbon atoms
What functional group do alcohols contain?
hydroxyl
What is the structure of hydroxyl functional groups?
oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom by a single covalent bond
What functional group do aldehydes contain?
carbonyl
What is the structure of a carbonyl functional group?
a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom
What functional group do ketones contain?
carbonyl
How do the structure of aldehydes and ketones differ?
- aldehyde: carbonyl group is located in the terminal position
- Ketone: carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom within the carbon chain
What functional group do carboxylic acids contain?
carboxyl
What is the structure of the carboxyl functional group?
carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (OH) combined
What functional group do esters contain?
ester
What is the structure of the ester functional group?
a carbonyl group with a single bond to another oxygen atom
Ester groups are _________(symmetric/asymmetric) in shape.
asymmetric
What functional group do ethers contain?
alkoxy
What is the structure of the alkoxy functional group?
an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl groups
What functional group do amines contain?
amino
What is the structure of the amino functional group?
a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups
What functional group do amides contain?
amido
What is the structure of the amido functional group?
a carbonyl group bonded to an amino group
What functional group do arenes contain?
phenyl
what is the structure of the phenyl functional group?
a benzene ring minus a hydrogen atom
