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Fundamentals Of Organic Chemistry > Functional Groups > Flashcards

Functional Groups Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A conserved arrangement of atoms commonly found in molecules which impart similar properties

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2
Q

Why is the functional group important?

A

1) Part of molecules which is important for reactions to occur

2) Predict chemical reactivity

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3
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

A carbon - oxygen double bond

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4
Q

Functional group of an alkane?

A

Carbon - Carbon single bond

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5
Q

Functional group of an alkene?

A

Carbon - Carbon double bond

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6
Q

Functional group of an alkyne?

A

Carbon - Carbon triple bond

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7
Q

What are alkynes which are end of chain called?

A

Terminal alkynes

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8
Q

What are the bond angles of Alkyne carbons and why?

A

Bond angles = 180 degrees
Why? = Because alkyne carbons are sp hybridised

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9
Q

Functional group of alcohols?

A

C - OH

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10
Q

What are the classifications of alcohols?

A
  • Primary (1°) Alcohol
  • Secondary (2°) Alcohol
  • Tertiary (3°) Alcohol
  • Phenol
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11
Q

How are Primary (1°) Alcohols defined?

A

Have 2 (or 3) adjacent C-H bonds
(Hydrogens attached to the same carbon the hydroxy group is attached to)

E.g ethanol and n-propanol

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12
Q

How are Secondary (2°) alcohols defined?

A

Have 1 adjacent C - H bond
(Hydrogens attached to the same carbon the hydroxy group is attached to)

E.g. isopropanol

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13
Q

How are Tertiary (3°) Alcohols defined?

A

Have no adjacent C - H bonds
(Hydrogens attached to the carbon the hydroxy group is attached to)

E.g. t-butanol

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14
Q

What is a Phenol?

A

A hydroxy group directly bonded to a benzene ring
E.g. 4-methylphenol

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15
Q

Functional group of an Ether?

A

Carbon-Oxygen-Carbon bond C-O-C
(Providing neither bears a carbonyl)

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16
Q

What is a special case of an ether?

A

Epoxides

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17
Q

What are Epoxides?

A

3-membered cyclic ethers which are reactive

E.g ethylene oxide

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18
Q

Functional group of an Amine?

A

Carbon-Nitrogen bond (C- NR2)
(Providing the C or R does not also bear a carbonyl)

E.g. ethalamine

19
Q

What are the classifications of amines?

A
  • Primary (1°) Amines
  • Secondary (2°) Amines
  • Tertiary (3°) Amines
20
Q

How are Primary (1°) defined?

A

Have 2 N-H bonds
E.g. Ethalamine

21
Q

How are Secondary (2°) Amines defined?

A

Have 1 N-H bond
E.g. Diethalamine

22
Q

How are Tertiary (3°) Amines defined?

A

Have no N-H bonds
E.g. DIPEA

23
Q

Functional Group of a Nitrile?

A

Carbon-Nitrogen triple bond
(Can be abbreviated a CN)

24
Q

What is another name for Nitrile which is often used interchangeably?

A

Cyanide

25
Q

What are the bond angles of nitrile?

A

180 ° therefore linear

26
Q

Functional Group of a Nitro?

A

NO2 group

27
Q

What is the structure of a Nitro group

A

Structure is the average of two resonance forms

28
Q

Functional group of Alkyl halide?

A

Carbon - X group ( x = halide e.g. F, Cl, Br, I)
E.g. Iodomethane

29
Q

What is the classification system of Alkyl halides?

A
  • Primary (1°) alkyl halides
  • Secondary (2°) alkyl halides
  • Tertiary (3°) alkyl halides
30
Q

How are Primary (1°) Alkyl Halides defined?

A

Have 2 or 3 adjacent C-H bonds
(Hydrogens attached to the Carbon attached to the Halide)
E.g. Iodomethane

31
Q

How are Secondary (2°) Alkyl Halides defined?

A

Have 1 adjacent C-H bonds
E.g. 2-chloropropane

32
Q

How are Tertiary (3°) Alkyl Halides defined?

A

Have no adjacent C-H bonds
E.g. t-butyl bromide

33
Q

Functional Group of an Aldehyde?

A

Carbonyl flanked by and C and 1 or 2 H’s
Abbreviation = -CHO
E.g. Ethanal

34
Q

Functional Group of a Ketone?

A

Carbonyl flanked by 2 C’s
Abbreviation = -CO-
E.g. Acetone

35
Q

Functional Group of a Carboxilic acid?

A

Carbonyl flanked by a C (or H) and an OH group
Abbreviation = -CO2H
E.g.

36
Q

Functional Group of an Ester?

A

Carbonyl flanked by a C (or H) and an O-C bond
Abbreviation = CO2R
E.g

37
Q

Functional Group of an Amide?

A

Carbonyl flanked by a C or H and a N
Abbreviation = -CONR2

38
Q

What is the classification system of Amides?

A
  • Primary (1°) amides
  • Secondary (2°) amides
  • Tertiary (3°) amides
39
Q

How are Primary (1°) amines defined?

A

2 N-H bonds

40
Q

How are Secondary (2°) amides defined?

A

1 N-H bond

41
Q

How are Tertiary (3°) Amides defined?

A

0 N-H bonds

42
Q

Functional group of an Acyl halide?

A
  • Carbonyl flanked by a C and a halogen (X)
  • Abbreviation = - COX
    E.g. acyl fluoride
43
Q

By what other name do acyl halides go by?

A
  • Acid Halide
44
Q

What do acyl halides hydrolyse to on contact with water?

A

Carboxilic acids

Fundamentals Of Organic Chemistry (3 decks)

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