Functional Groups Flashcards
What is a functional group?
A conserved arrangement of atoms commonly found in molecules which impart similar properties
Why is the functional group important?
1) Part of molecules which is important for reactions to occur
2) Predict chemical reactivity
What is a carbonyl group?
A carbon - oxygen double bond
Functional group of an alkane?
Carbon - Carbon single bond
Functional group of an alkene?
Carbon - Carbon double bond
Functional group of an alkyne?
Carbon - Carbon triple bond
What are alkynes which are end of chain called?
Terminal alkynes
What are the bond angles of Alkyne carbons and why?
Bond angles = 180 degrees
Why? = Because alkyne carbons are sp hybridised
Functional group of alcohols?
C - OH
What are the classifications of alcohols?
- Primary (1°) Alcohol
- Secondary (2°) Alcohol
- Tertiary (3°) Alcohol
- Phenol
How are Primary (1°) Alcohols defined?
Have 2 (or 3) adjacent C-H bonds
(Hydrogens attached to the same carbon the hydroxy group is attached to)
E.g ethanol and n-propanol
How are Secondary (2°) alcohols defined?
Have 1 adjacent C - H bond
(Hydrogens attached to the same carbon the hydroxy group is attached to)
E.g. isopropanol
How are Tertiary (3°) Alcohols defined?
Have no adjacent C - H bonds
(Hydrogens attached to the carbon the hydroxy group is attached to)
E.g. t-butanol
What is a Phenol?
A hydroxy group directly bonded to a benzene ring
E.g. 4-methylphenol
Functional group of an Ether?
Carbon-Oxygen-Carbon bond C-O-C
(Providing neither bears a carbonyl)
What is a special case of an ether?
Epoxides
What are Epoxides?
3-membered cyclic ethers which are reactive
E.g ethylene oxide
Functional group of an Amine?
Carbon-Nitrogen bond (C- NR2)
(Providing the C or R does not also bear a carbonyl)
E.g. ethalamine
What are the classifications of amines?
- Primary (1°) Amines
- Secondary (2°) Amines
- Tertiary (3°) Amines
How are Primary (1°) defined?
Have 2 N-H bonds
E.g. Ethalamine
How are Secondary (2°) Amines defined?
Have 1 N-H bond
E.g. Diethalamine
How are Tertiary (3°) Amines defined?
Have no N-H bonds
E.g. DIPEA
Functional Group of a Nitrile?
Carbon-Nitrogen triple bond
(Can be abbreviated a CN)
What is another name for Nitrile which is often used interchangeably?
Cyanide
What are the bond angles of nitrile?
180 ° therefore linear
Functional Group of a Nitro?
NO2 group
What is the structure of a Nitro group
Structure is the average of two resonance forms
Functional group of Alkyl halide?
Carbon - X group ( x = halide e.g. F, Cl, Br, I)
E.g. Iodomethane
What is the classification system of Alkyl halides?
- Primary (1°) alkyl halides
- Secondary (2°) alkyl halides
- Tertiary (3°) alkyl halides
How are Primary (1°) Alkyl Halides defined?
Have 2 or 3 adjacent C-H bonds
(Hydrogens attached to the Carbon attached to the Halide)
E.g. Iodomethane
How are Secondary (2°) Alkyl Halides defined?
Have 1 adjacent C-H bonds
E.g. 2-chloropropane
How are Tertiary (3°) Alkyl Halides defined?
Have no adjacent C-H bonds
E.g. t-butyl bromide
Functional Group of an Aldehyde?
Carbonyl flanked by and C and 1 or 2 H’s
Abbreviation = -CHO
E.g. Ethanal
Functional Group of a Ketone?
Carbonyl flanked by 2 C’s
Abbreviation = -CO-
E.g. Acetone
Functional Group of a Carboxilic acid?
Carbonyl flanked by a C (or H) and an OH group
Abbreviation = -CO2H
E.g.
Functional Group of an Ester?
Carbonyl flanked by a C (or H) and an O-C bond
Abbreviation = CO2R
E.g
Functional Group of an Amide?
Carbonyl flanked by a C or H and a N
Abbreviation = -CONR2
What is the classification system of Amides?
- Primary (1°) amides
- Secondary (2°) amides
- Tertiary (3°) amides
How are Primary (1°) amines defined?
2 N-H bonds
How are Secondary (2°) amides defined?
1 N-H bond
How are Tertiary (3°) Amides defined?
0 N-H bonds
Functional group of an Acyl halide?
- Carbonyl flanked by a C and a halogen (X)
- Abbreviation = - COX
E.g. acyl fluoride
By what other name do acyl halides go by?
- Acid Halide
What do acyl halides hydrolyse to on contact with water?
Carboxilic acids
