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functional groups Flashcards

1
Q

sulfhydryl

A

SH
polar
hydrophilic
acid

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2
Q

phosphate

A

polar weakly acidic
PO4
hydrophilic

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3
Q

hydroxyl

A

OH polar,weakly acidic, hydrophilic

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4
Q

carbonyl

A

polar
neither base or acid
c-o
hydrophilic

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5
Q

carboxyl

A

COOH
polar, weakly acidic
hydrophilic

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6
Q

amino

A

polar, weakly basic
NH2
hydrophilic

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7
Q

methyl

A

non polar
CH3
hydrophobic
acid

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8
Q

what is carbon dating

A

system of calculating the age of old object by measuring carbons

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9
Q

covalent vs ionic bond

A

c- sharing of electrons- 2 nonmetals I- transfer of electrons- metal and non metal

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10
Q

electronegativitiy

A

-more proteins the more electronegative. N and O are most!!

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11
Q

what is an ion

A

atom that has lost or gained electrons

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12
Q

how many orbitals

A

2

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13
Q

valence vs valence shell

A

shell-outermost shell
valence- # of unpaired electrons

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14
Q

molecular vs structural formulas

A

molecular- numbers and types of atoms
structural- indicates which atoms are bonded together

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15
Q

hydrogen bond

A

attraction between hydrogen w partial (+) and another atom w partial (-)

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16
Q

hydrophilic and it’s charge

A

full charge or partial- water loving

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17
Q

hydrophobic and it’s charge

A

no charge- water fearing

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18
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between like molecules

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19
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between unlike molecules

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20
Q

surface tension

A

-what cuts ur skin when bellyflop

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21
Q

octet rule

A

valence shell stable at 8 even if can hold more

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22
Q

molecules

A

substances held together by covalent bonds- o2

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23
Q

compounds

A

different elements held together H2O

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24
Q

what elements are always polar covalent

A

oxygen, nitrogen

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25
Q

chemical reaction

A

substances combine/break chemical bonds into other substances

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26
Q

acids

A

any compound that gives up protons or accepts electrons

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27
Q

bases

A

any compound that acquires protons or gives up electrons

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28
Q

buffers

A

a substance that acts to minimize changes in the pH when an acid or base is added

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29
Q

endothermic vs exothermic

A

endo-reactants absorb heat energy from surroundings exo- releases heat

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30
Q

entropy

A

amount of disorder in a system or surrounding enviornment
dense- low entropy spread out- high

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31
Q

continuum

A

degree to which electrons are shared in chemical bonds

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32
Q

nitrogen and oxygen are polar or non polar and why

A

polar bc of electronegativity

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33
Q

ionic and covalent-metals, nonmetals

A

ionic - metal and nonmetal co- 2 nonmetals

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34
Q

how many bonds can each of these form- O,N,C

A

oxygen-2 Nitrogen-3 Carbon-4

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35
Q

0-7 on pH scale

A

more H+ - acids

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36
Q

7-14 on pH scale

A

more OH- .. Bases

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37
Q

neutralization reaction

A

acid and base react to form water and salt

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38
Q

partial or full charged molecules are what?

A

hydrophilic

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39
Q

heat

A

transfer of kinetic energy to one another

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40
Q

non polar covalent bonds have high what

A

potential energy

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41
Q

stored energy(potential) vs active energy(kinetic)

A

potential- electrons don’t have a lot of energy
kinetic-thermal energy- motion of molecules

42
Q

thermal energy

A

heat energy - causes molecules to move faster

43
Q

a ph of 8 _ x more basic than 7

A

10

44
Q

4 is ____x more acidic than7

A

1000

45
Q

organic molecule

A

molecule found or produced by living systems
aka carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

46
Q

amino acids are the building blocks of

A

proteins

47
Q

structure of amino acids

A

hydrogen, central carbon, carboxyl, amino, and an amino group

48
Q

acid and base charges

A

acids are n basic p

49
Q

the lower the ph the higher the what

A

aciditity and H+ ions

50
Q

charged and polar side chains are what

A

hydrophillic

51
Q

aminos are what

A

hydrophillic and basic

52
Q

condensation reaction (dehydration)

A

monomers combine(polymerize) releasing (produces) water molecules- stringing them together

53
Q

hydrolysis

A

break apart by adding water

54
Q

what terminus do you add to

A

c-terminus

55
Q

hydrophobic and hydrophillic elements

A

phobic- C or H
Phillic- O or N

56
Q

what is a peptide bond

A

amino acids bonding

57
Q

shape determines what of protein

A

function

58
Q

cofactor

A

preventing the binding of certain proteins

59
Q

prions

A

abnormally folding

60
Q

molecular chaperones

A

try to put it back together - can handle a bit more heat

61
Q

denature

A

unfold or unravel bc of temp or ph- no protein function
applies to proteins and nucleic acids

62
Q

enzyme

A

speeds up chemical reactions

63
Q

active site

A

where substrate bonds and reacts

64
Q

primary secondary tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins

A

primary- chain of amino acids
secondary- sheet of amino acids
tertiary- ribbons
quaternary- clumps of ribbons

65
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymer made up of nucleotide monomers

66
Q

nucleotide structure

A

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar

67
Q

purines have what structure

A

A and G - 2 ring structure

68
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

covalent bond between 2 nucleotides

69
Q

endergonic vs exergonic

A

requires energy, releases energy

70
Q

phosphorlyation

A

transfer of phosphate groups to a substrate molecule

71
Q

kinase

A

puts phosphates on

72
Q

phosphotase

A

removal of phosphates

73
Q

atp structure

A

3 phosphates sugar and a base

74
Q

what is dnas tertiary structure

A

histones and supercoils

75
Q

what are all carbs

A

hydrophillic

76
Q

simple carbs

A

mono and disaccharide

77
Q

complex carb

A

polysaccharide

78
Q

monosaccharide structure 4 ways

A

location of carbonyl group, spatial arrangement of OH, linear and alternative ring structure, # of carbons present.

79
Q

condensation reactions link what

A

link simple sugars

80
Q

what kind of bond is glycocidic linkage

A

covalent bond

81
Q

cellulose

A

structural support in plant and algae cell walls

82
Q

why do nitrogen and oxygen have less potential energy

A

because held close

83
Q

what has most potential energy

A

unstable

84
Q

triglycerides- fats and oils

A

used for long term energy storage

85
Q

what does a double bond mean in lipids

A

less saturated

86
Q

hydrogenation

A

addition of H atoms to unsaturated fatty acids

87
Q

tail and head

A

tail- hydrophobic head- hydrophillic

88
Q

membrane selectively permeable

A

charged crosses more slowly- small or nonpolar will move quickly

89
Q

glycogen is used for what

A

short term energy storage

90
Q

cis

A

same side of carbon chain

91
Q

trans

A

opposite sides of chain

92
Q

adding hydrogen to a liquid will make it more

A

solid

93
Q

3 types of lipids

A

triglyceride, phospholipid, and steroids

94
Q

hypertonic

A

water moves out -shrinks. moves to higher solute

95
Q

hypotonic

A

moves to fewer solute- blows up- water moves in

96
Q

diffusion

A

high concentration to low concentration- down the concentration gradient

97
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a membrane

98
Q

which bases have 2 ringed structures

A

purines -A and G

99
Q

how many amino acids do you have to eat

A

9

100
Q

radioactive isotopes are

A

unstable and decay over time and use carbon dating

101
Q

bonds between carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are always what

A

polar

bio functional groups (1 decks)

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