functional groups Flashcards by lauren clark

sulfhydryl

SH
polar
hydrophilic
acid

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phosphate

polar weakly acidic
PO4
hydrophilic

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hydroxyl

OH polar,weakly acidic, hydrophilic

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carbonyl

polar
neither base or acid
c-o
hydrophilic

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carboxyl

COOH
polar, weakly acidic
hydrophilic

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amino

polar, weakly basic
NH2
hydrophilic

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methyl

non polar
CH3
hydrophobic
acid

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what is carbon dating

system of calculating the age of old object by measuring carbons

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covalent vs ionic bond

c- sharing of electrons- 2 nonmetals I- transfer of electrons- metal and non metal

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electronegativitiy

-more proteins the more electronegative. N and O are most!!

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what is an ion

atom that has lost or gained electrons

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how many orbitals

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valence vs valence shell

shell-outermost shell
valence- # of unpaired electrons

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molecular vs structural formulas

molecular- numbers and types of atoms
structural- indicates which atoms are bonded together

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hydrogen bond

attraction between hydrogen w partial (+) and another atom w partial (-)

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hydrophilic and it’s charge

full charge or partial- water loving

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hydrophobic and it’s charge

no charge- water fearing

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cohesion

attraction between like molecules

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adhesion

attraction between unlike molecules

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surface tension

-what cuts ur skin when bellyflop

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octet rule

valence shell stable at 8 even if can hold more

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molecules

substances held together by covalent bonds- o2

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compounds

different elements held together H2O

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what elements are always polar covalent

oxygen, nitrogen

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chemical reaction

substances combine/break chemical bonds into other substances

acids

any compound that gives up protons or accepts electrons

bases

any compound that acquires protons or gives up electrons

buffers

a substance that acts to minimize changes in the pH when an acid or base is added

endothermic vs exothermic

endo-reactants absorb heat energy from surroundings exo- releases heat

entropy

amount of disorder in a system or surrounding enviornment dense- low entropy spread out- high

continuum

degree to which electrons are shared in chemical bonds

nitrogen and oxygen are polar or non polar and why

polar bc of electronegativity

ionic and covalent-metals, nonmetals

ionic - metal and nonmetal co- 2 nonmetals

how many bonds can each of these form- O,N,C

oxygen-2 Nitrogen-3 Carbon-4

0-7 on pH scale

more H+ - acids

7-14 on pH scale

more OH- .. Bases

neutralization reaction

acid and base react to form water and salt

partial or full charged molecules are what?

hydrophilic

heat

transfer of kinetic energy to one another

non polar covalent bonds have high what

potential energy

stored energy(potential) vs active energy(kinetic)

potential- electrons don’t have a lot of energy kinetic-thermal energy- motion of molecules

thermal energy

heat energy - causes molecules to move faster

a ph of 8 _ x more basic than 7

4 is ____x more acidic than7

1000

organic molecule

molecule found or produced by living systems aka carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

amino acids are the building blocks of

proteins

structure of amino acids

hydrogen, central carbon, carboxyl, amino, and an amino group

acid and base charges

acids are n basic p

the lower the ph the higher the what

aciditity and H+ ions

charged and polar side chains are what

hydrophillic

aminos are what

hydrophillic and basic

condensation reaction (dehydration)

monomers combine(polymerize) releasing (produces) water molecules- stringing them together

hydrolysis

break apart by adding water

what terminus do you add to

c-terminus

hydrophobic and hydrophillic elements

phobic- C or H Phillic- O or N

what is a peptide bond

amino acids bonding

shape determines what of protein

function

cofactor

preventing the binding of certain proteins

prions

abnormally folding

molecular chaperones

try to put it back together - can handle a bit more heat

denature

unfold or unravel bc of temp or ph- no protein function applies to proteins and nucleic acids

enzyme

speeds up chemical reactions

active site

where substrate bonds and reacts

primary secondary tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins

primary- chain of amino acids secondary- sheet of amino acids tertiary- ribbons quaternary- clumps of ribbons

nucleic acids

polymer made up of nucleotide monomers

nucleotide structure

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar

purines have what structure

A and G - 2 ring structure

phosphodiester bond

covalent bond between 2 nucleotides

endergonic vs exergonic

requires energy, releases energy

phosphorlyation

transfer of phosphate groups to a substrate molecule

kinase

puts phosphates on

phosphotase

removal of phosphates

atp structure

3 phosphates sugar and a base

what is dnas tertiary structure

histones and supercoils

what are all carbs

hydrophillic

simple carbs

mono and disaccharide

complex carb

polysaccharide

monosaccharide structure 4 ways

location of carbonyl group, spatial arrangement of OH, linear and alternative ring structure, # of carbons present.

condensation reactions link what

link simple sugars

what kind of bond is glycocidic linkage

covalent bond

cellulose

structural support in plant and algae cell walls

why do nitrogen and oxygen have less potential energy

because held close

what has most potential energy

unstable

triglycerides- fats and oils

used for long term energy storage

what does a double bond mean in lipids

less saturated

hydrogenation

addition of H atoms to unsaturated fatty acids

tail and head

tail- hydrophobic head- hydrophillic

membrane selectively permeable

charged crosses more slowly- small or nonpolar will move quickly

glycogen is used for what

short term energy storage

cis

same side of carbon chain

trans

opposite sides of chain

adding hydrogen to a liquid will make it more

solid

3 types of lipids

triglyceride, phospholipid, and steroids

hypertonic

water moves out -shrinks. moves to higher solute

hypotonic

moves to fewer solute- blows up- water moves in

diffusion

high concentration to low concentration- down the concentration gradient

osmosis

diffusion of water across a membrane

which bases have 2 ringed structures

purines -A and G

how many amino acids do you have to eat

radioactive isotopes are

unstable and decay over time and use carbon dating

bonds between carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are always what

polar