functional groups 10/25/22

Question 1

Hydroxyl

Answer 1

hydrogen + oxygen

-OH

. . O — H
. . /
.R

Polar

Question 2

Carbonyl

Answer 2

central O and H

\
. C=O
/

Ketone vs Aldehyde:
- Ketone when within chaine
- Aldehyde at the end of carbon structure

Question 3

Ketone

Answer 3

Form of Carbonyl
Central C and O bound to 2 organic (have C) side groups, has 2 R groups

. . .O
. . . ||
R – C – R

Polar (double bond to O inc polarity)

Question 4

Aldehyde

Answer 4

Form of Carbonyl
Central C and O bound to 2 organic (have C) side groups, has 1 R group and 1 H (instead of R group which Ketone has)

. . .O
. . . ||
R – C – H

Polar (double bond to O inc polarity)

Question 5

Carboxyl

Answer 5

Acid, Polar
Form carboxylic acids

COOH

C bound to O and OH

. O
. ||
. C
. / \
R . OH

( Ionized:

. O
. ||
. C
. . / \
. R . O-
)

Question 6

Amino

Answer 6

Base, polar
Characterized by presence of N
branched structure

( + organic compound = amine )
( + carboxyl group = protein (amino acid) )

. . . . H
. . . . /
R — N
. . . . \
. . . . . H

( IONIZED:
. . . . . H
. . . . . /
. R — +N — H
. . . . . \
. . . . . . H
)

Question 7

Sulfhydryl

Answer 7

Characterized by presence of S
acidic, polar

R — S
. . . . \
. . . . . H

Question 8

Phosphate

Answer 8

characterized by presence of P
acidic, polar
for energy transfers, organic phosphates

. . . . O
. . . . ||
.R . . P — OH
. .\ . / . \
. . O . . OH

Question 9

Methyl

Answer 9

— CH3
(Methylvid compound affects expression of genes)

Question 10

important polysaccarides

Answer 10

starch (long term plant energy storage)
cellulose (plant cells)
glycogen (long term storage in animals; storage of excess glucose)

Question 11

Carbohydrates characteristics

Answer 11

sugars
2:1 H:O ratio
contains C, H, O
end in -ose
energy rich bc carbon carbon bond

Question 12

Lipids characteristics

Answer 12

fats, phospholipids (cell membrane), steroids, waxes
fewer O than carbs
contains C, H, O
hydrophobic/nonpolar

Question 13

Phospholipids

Answer 13

head is polar (hydrophilic)
tail is non polar (hydrophobic)
cell membranes

Question 14

unsaturated vs saturated fatty acids

Answer 14

saturated stack so are solid at room temp
unsaturated dont stack bc double bonds

Question 15

Proteins

Answer 15

CHON, S sometimes
Polymers made from amino acids (monomers)

C-N bond between monomers is peptide bond (covalent)