Functional anatomy, muscles, bones, joints, planes Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 types of bones?
A
- flat
- long
- short
- irregular
- sesamoid
2
Q
What is the function of flat bones? provide an example.
A
They protect internal organs and provide large areas for muscle attachment.
eg. ribs, pelvis, skull
3
Q
what is the function of long bones?
A
They support weight and facilitate movement.
eg. femur, phalanges
4
Q
what is the function of short bones?
A
They provide stability and some movement.
eg. carpals in the wrist, tarsals in the ankle.
5
Q
What is the function of irregular bones?
A
They vary in shape and structure and help protect organs.
eg. bones of the pelvis, vertebrae,
6
Q
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
A
They reinforce and protect tendons from stress and wear. They are embedded in tendons.
eg. the patella
7
Q
What are the five functions of the skeleton?
A
- shape - stable shape enables essential functions.
- Support - keep the body upright and structured.
- movement - enable us to move
- protection of internal organs - protect internal organs from damage
- blood cell protection - anti bodies
8
Q
what attaches bone to bone?
A
Ligaments e.g. medial collateral in the knee
9
Q
What attaches muscle to bone?
A
Tendons. e.g. Achilles
10
Q
What is the name of the plane that halves the body vertically down the midline (symmetrical)?
A
The sagittal plane
11
Q
What is the name of the plane that divides the body vertically, separating the front and back of the body? (not symmetrical)
A
The Frontal plane OR Coronal plane
12
Q
What is the name of the plane that divides the body horizontally, separating the superior part from the inferior part?
A
The transverse plane
13
Q
What is anterior body position?
A
At or near the front of the body. (frontal plane)
14
Q
What is posterior body position?
A
At or near the back of the body. THINK posture=back
15
Q
What is the midline?
A
An imaginary vertical line down the middle of the body
16
Q
What is lateral body position?
A
farther from the midline
IF HANDS HELD OUT, THUMB IS LATERAL TO PINKY FINGER. PINKY IS MEDIAL.
17
Q
What is medial body position?
A
closer to the midline
18
Q
what is superior body position?
A
Toward the head/upper part of a structure
19
Q
What is inferior body position?
A
away from the head, OR the lower part of a structure
20
Q
what is proximal body position?
A
nearer to the origination of a structure
EG-SHOULDER IS PROXIMAL TO HAND (IF HELD OUT)
21
Q
what is distal body position?
A
farther form the origination of a structure
HAND IS DISTAL TO SHOILDER IF HELD OUT
22
Q
name the axis that cuts the body horizontally
A
transverse axis
23
Q
name the axis that cuts the body vertically
A
longitudinal axis
24
Q
name the plane that cuts the body in half horizontally
A
traverse plane
25
name the plane that cuts the body vertically through the midline so that it is symmetrical on both sides
the sagittal plane
26
name the plane that cuts the body vertically separating the front of the body with the back. also known as coronal plane.
frontal plane
REMEMBER separates FRONT and back = FRONTal
27
name the 12 types of body movement (the learned ones)
two extras listed at bottom
GO THROUGH THE MOTION AND DEFINE EACH
1. extension
2. flexion
3. abduction
4. adduction
5. circumduction
6.rotation
7.supination
8.pronation
9.Dorsi flexion
10.plantar flexion
11. depression
12. elevation
-inversion
-eversion
28
EXERCISE - starting from the head, name all of the bones
cranium, mandible, cervical vertebrae, clavicle, scapula, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs, humerus, lumbar vertebrae, radius, ulna, sacrum, coccyx, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, calcaneus(heal bone ), tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
29
what are the 5 functions of the muscular system?
1-voluntary and reflexive movement
2-skeletal stability
3-blood circulation
4-internal organ function and organ protection
5-body temperature regulation
30
How does the muscular system produce movement - function 1
contraction of the skeletal muscles pulls on bones and produce gross/fine movements.
31
How does the muscular system provide skeletal stability and organ protection? function 2
skeletal muscles reinforce structure and provide stability by holding bones together. the skeletal muscles cushion the body's internal organs from external forces applied to the body.
32
how does the muscular system aid blood circulation? function 3
Cardiac muscles aid the pumping action of the heart
33
how does the muscular system aid internal organ function? function 4 PROVIDE EXAMPLE
internal organs contain smooth muscles tissues which contracts automatically to support their normal function. for example - smooth muscle tissue in the intestines produce contractions to help propel food through the digestive tract.
34
how does the muscular system control body temp regulation? function 5
skeletal muscles contain generate heat required to maintain a normal body temperature.
-when the body temp decreases, skeletal muscle activity q=automatically increases (shivering).
- when the body temp increases, smooth muscle cells in surface blood relax increasing blood flow and release heat through the skin.
35
why are the 5 muscular system functions important in sport?
-react quickly in sports (voluntary and reflexive movement)
-energy from food (internal organ function)
-require oxygen to muscles for energy (blood ciculation)
-need to stay as cool as possible (body temp regulation i.e.-sweating)
-strength and prevent injury. in the case of injury prevent internal organs from serious damage.(skeletal stability and organ protection
36
what are the three types of muscle?
1. skeletal
2.smooth
3.cardiac
37
describe the function of skeletal muscle
pull on bones of the skeleton to create movement. is elastic in nature an capable of shortening/contracting, and extending/lengthening
38
describe smooth muscle
involuntary such as the intestines or stomach.
39
what is cardiac muscle
makes up the thick middle layer of the heart and is involuntary
40
draw skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
smooth is connected and has no gaps, skeletal muscles tissue are spread out the most, and cardiac muscle tissue 'blends' together
41
is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
42
is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
43
is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
44
name the 3 types of joints and state whether they are movable, immovable or partially movable.
1. FIBrous joint - immovable (a FIB = bad, no, no movement)
2. cartilaginous joint - slightly moveable
3. SYNovial joint - movable (SYN to move)
45
provide an example of a fibrous joint and state how close the bones are
skull structure, joint between ribs and sternum. bones in close contact
46
provide an example of a cartilaginous joint and state how close the bones are
bones of vertebrae. two or more bone are held tightly together so that only immitted movement is permitted
47
provide an example of a synovial joint and state how close the bones are
finger joints, bones of ankles/wrists
48
name the 6 types of synovial joints
1. pivot
2. gliding
3. hinge
4. ball and socket
5. condyloid
6.saddle
49
what is fascia?
connective tissue that holds/surrounds every organ, blood vessel, bone and muscle in place. e.g. plantar fascia in foot.
50
joints are sites where...
2 bones make contact
51
Key elements of ball and socket joint
- freely moving
-rotates on any axis
eg-hip and shoulder joint
52
key elements of saddle joint
-enables flexion and extension
-NO rotation
eg the thumbs saddle joint
53
key elements of hinge joint
- joints move on just one axis
-allow for flexion and extension
eg-elbow and finger joints
54
key elements of pivot joint
- provides rotation
eg-top of the spine joint that allows rotation of the head
55
key elements of gliding joint
-joints move against each other on a single plane
eg- bones of wrists, bones of ankles, intervertebral joints
56
key elements of condyloid joints
- allows for circular motion, flexion, extension
57
what are prime movers
muscles pulling on the bones
58
what are antagonists
muscles oppsoing the prime movers
59
what are type 1 muscles called and what colour
slow twitch(1= first gear=slow)
RED (red=oxygen=endurance)
60
what are type 2 muscles called and what colour
fast twitch(2=second gear=fast)
WHITE
61
slow twitch speed of contraction...
slow
62
fast twitch speed of contraction..
rapid
63
4 effects of exercise on muscle
1-increase in muscle size
2-increase in muscle strength
3-increase in muscle efficiency
4-muscles become more fatigue resistant
64
which type of muscle (fast/slow twitch) has an aerobic energy pathway
type I (slow twitch)
65
which type of muscle(fast/slow twitch) does not use oxygen as energy?
type II (fast twitch)
has anaerobic ATP production
66
which type(slow/fast twitch) of muscle does not fatigue quickly
type I, slow twitch
67
which type (twitch/fast twitch)of muscle has a high force of production
type II, fast twitch
68
slow twitch muscles main fuel source are
triglycerides
69
fast twitch muscles main fuel source are
CP, glycogen
70
Contractability is...
The ability of a muscle to contract or shorten.
-all in one principle states that all muscle fibres in a motor unit will either contract with 100% force or not at all.
71
extendibility is...
the capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length. can stretch to 1.5 half times its resting length. highly specific to muscle group
72
elasticity is..
the ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been stretched.
73
excitability is..
the ability to contract in response to chemical or electrical signals. impulses tell body what to do.
74
what is the ORIGIN and INSERTION of a muscle?
origin- the attachment into the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts.
PROXIMAL END - close to midline
insertion- attached to bone which moves more when a muscle contracts.
DISTAL END - further from midline
75
what is the axial skeleton?
Forms the central axis of the body and consists of the bones of the skull, the rib cage, vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
76
what is the appendicular skeleton?
Includes the bones of the arms, legs, and pelvis. these body parts come off the axial skelton
77
what is circumduction?
movement of a distal end of body part in a circular motion. ONLY OCCURS IN BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
e.g Arm moving in circle
78
what are the 4 functions of Blood?
1. transport of nutrients - from digestive system and oxygen from lungs to red blood cells. also transports co2 from cell to lungs and waste products to digestive system for disposal.
2. regulation of the body's fluid content - through passing of fluid from blood to tissues
3. temperature regulation - by absorbing heat produced from working muscles and carrying it to skin (perspiration) and lungs (breathing)
4. protection of the body - by fighting bacteria and foreign bodies (white blood cells) and through clotting (platelets) which prevent excessive blood loss.
79
Name the 4 components of blood and their functions
1- plasma - watery part of blood in which other cells are suspended. produced in bone marrow. 55% composition in blood
2-platelets - blood clotting, life span 7-10 days, 1% composition in blood
3-white blood cells -move to sites of infection and attack bacteria and foreign bodies. 1% composition in blood.
4-red blood cells - transport of nutrients and oxygen to cells of the boy, co2 out and waste out of cells. 45% composition in blood. life span 110-120 days
80
describe the circulatory system
Made up of blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood around the body and take deoxygenated blood back towards the heart
81
arteries...
- carry oxygenated blood around the body
- have thick elastic walls that permit continuous flow
- main arteries branch into arterioles
-blood created by beating of heart
82
veins...
-carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
-blood flow created by contraction of cardiac muscles
-valves positioned at regular intervals to prevent back flow
- have an elastic layer
83
capillaries...
-reach every cell of the body
-have thin walls composed of a single layer of cells. this allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into cell, and co2 and waste to pass out
84
stages of the cardiac cycle
1 - diastole - atria and ventricles relax to allow blood from the vein to flow through to the atria and ventricles until cavities are filled. back flow prevented by closed valves
2 - atrial systole - atria contract and force blood into ventricles
3 - ventricular systole - ventricles contract and force blood past the valves into the arteries under pressure. At the same time muscles of atria relax and blood from veins begins to fill them. cycle repeats
85
relaxation of the atria and ventricles=
diastole - allows chambers to fill
86
contraction of atria and ventricles=
systole - causes pumping of blood
87
label the parts of the heart
